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emxz 发表于 2007-2-11 14:01

【转贴】剖宫产术中缩宫素用法用量的探讨(综述)

[b][align=center][color=blue](综述)剖宫产术中缩宫素用法用量的探讨[/color][/align][/b]

剖宫产术中胎儿娩出后产妇常出现剧烈的血流动力学变化,究其原因,除麻醉因素、产科因素和病理生理学因素外,缩宫素的应用所导致的低血压、心动过速和或/心律失常,也是重要因素之一。人们对剖宫产术中如何应用缩宫素,使其既保留收缩子宫作用,又能预防或减轻其心血管副作用,近年来的研究已有了值得关注的进展。但从本专业论坛中所反映的情况看,少数麻醉和产科医师对于剖宫产术中缩宫素的用法用量还存在模糊的认识和错误的实践,以至于危及产妇安全[4]。本文拟通过查阅近期(主要是2000年以来)的有关文献资料,对缩宫素在剖宫产中的用量、用法等问题作一简要综述,抛砖引玉,以期引起对该问题的进一步讨论。

(一).缩宫素的心血管副作用及其机理

1.动物实验资料:①缩宫素对骨骼肌、肝、肾和内脏的处于收缩状态的血管有扩张作用,但对脐带-胎盘血管有强收缩作用[1]。②缩宫素有直接抑制心脏收缩力、减慢心率作用,其机制同心脏内缩宫素受体、心脏胆碱能神经元以及NO等因素有关[2]。③缩宫素对心脏的负性肌力和负性频率作用的程度与药物剂量相关;麻醉动物静注缩宫素后初期为心率减慢,5min后回升到对照值,提示有反射机制参与[3]。

2.临床资料:绝大多数产妇在催产剂量的药物作用下,缩宫素一般不引起血压明显下降,大剂量静脉应用时可因直接扩血管作用,使动脉压明显下降;由于反射性心动过速,使心排血量代偿性增加,血压在可数分钟内恢复稳定。对于一些血容量降低的病人或心功能较差的病人可能没有这种正常反应,尤其在高位椎管内阻滞,低血压或心动过缓以及伴有大出血的剖宫产病人,静注大剂量缩宫素可造成严重低血压,甚至心跳骤停 [4]。
产妇在使用大剂量缩宫素的同时,亦可见药物导致的抗利尿作用,此时病人如输液过多,则可出现低血钠体征.常与游离水的潴留有关。严重者发生水中毒、肺水肿、惊厥、昏迷甚至引起死亡(天然的缩宫素较人工合成的更具有血管升压素样活性)[5]。

3.间接作用:胎儿的娩出和缩宫素的应用,均促使子宫突然缩小,子宫血窦内约有500ml血液回流体循环,使回心血量骤然增加,代偿性心率加快,血压升高(对于患心脏病的孕妇此期极易诱发心衰)。

总之,胎儿娩出后产妇的心血管变化是产妇血容量和心血管功能状况、麻醉和麻醉期间用药的影响、缩宫素的直接作用和间接作用、压力感受器反射和静脉心脏反射作用等因素综合作用的结果,缩宫素对产妇心血管功能的影响程度,需要具体情况具体分析,全面考量后做出判断。

(二).剖宫产术缩宫素的用量
临床上剖宫产术缩宫素的用量存在很大分歧:静注大剂量者10-30U/次,静注小剂量者仅5U/次,或静滴给药[6]。

1. 主张用大剂量缩宫素静注者认为静注作用比子宫体肌注快,出血少,用量多为10-20U/次静注(有的术后再予20U用500ml输液稀释后静滴)。也有主张在胎儿娩出后,先以20U缩宫素宫体注射,同时用10~20U缩宫素加入500ml输液中静脉滴注,紧急情况下,子宫出血较多时,予以静脉内直接推注缩宫素10~20U [7]。

2. 主张用小剂量缩宫素者则认为:文献资料和实践都证明:静注5U已经足够,没有必要用大剂量。大剂量静注心血管副作用明显,特别是在危重病人。有关资料列举如下:
(1)《英国药典》规定在剖宫产中,胎儿娩出后立即缓慢静脉注射缩宫素5U[4];国内药理学专著中防治产后出血方案:可缓慢静脉注射缩宫素5U,在重症病人,亦可在静脉注射上述剂量药物后,继续静脉滴注用药(5—20U溶于500m1生理盐水中)[5]。
(2) 为明确择期剖宫产产妇静注催产量的最低有效剂量,以期降低其副作用,选择择期在硬膜外麻醉下实施剖宫产的产妇200例,以随机双盲法分为4组,在钳夹脐带后分别静注缩宫素5、10、1 5、2OU 。以线性模拟评分法(LAS)评估子宫紧张度,每5m in 评分1次,共4 次。结果 四组患者子宫紧张度LAS评分无显著性差异。结论:择期剖宫产病人静注催产素不必超过5U[8]。
(3)有作者为明确缩宫素的剂量与产妇血流动力学变化的关系以及缩宫素的最低有效剂量,避免产妇血压、心率的过分波动,选择120例产妇随机分成静注缩宫素5U(I组)、10U(Ⅱ组)、20U(Ⅲ组),分别观察三组产妇在注药前和注药后1 min、3 min、5 min、10 min对的收缩压、舒张压、心率的变化,以单盲法向产科医师询问宫缩情况。结果显示三组产妇宫缩无明显差异,作者认为择期剖宫产产妇产后止血应用缩宫素5U即可,以避免血流动力学的过度波动[9]。
  
综上所述,目前缩宫素的最适宜用量虽无定论,但多数学者均主张静注不超过5U/次的小剂量(或者静滴)给药,而不主张大剂量静注缩宫素,以免加重心血管副作用,危及产妇安全。
  
(三).剖宫产术中缩宫素的给药方法
剖宫产中缩宫素给药方法如下:
1. 静注/静滴:胎儿娩出后立即缩宫素静注,收缩子宫作用起效迅速。例如:有作者为观察剖宫产术中胎头娩出时快速静注缩宫素对术中出血的影响,研究组:对100例剖宫产手术在胎头娩出时用25%葡萄糖20ml加缩宫素20U静脉快速推注,记录术中出血量及胎盘剥离时问,并与对照组100例胎儿娩出后宫壁注射缩宫素20U进行对比。结果:研究组子宫收缩好,子宫切口边缘出血少,胎盘自行剥离快,术中出血明显减少(P<O.01)。结论:剖宫产术中胎头娩出时静脉快速推注缩宫素对减少术中出血明显优于宫壁注射缩宫素[10]。
由于大剂量缩宫素单次静注引起心血管副作用明显,许多学者倾向于使用小剂量快速静注+静脉点滴维持的方法。胎儿娩出后立即静注5U缩宫素,即可达到快速增强子宫收缩,减少出血目的。由于缩宫素静注作用时间短暂(半衰期仅数分钟),故继以10U缩宫素加入500ml输液中静滴维持是合理的。也有主张一开始就用缩宫素静脉点滴[11]。
最近报道:择期剖宫产妇女于婴儿娩出后分别静脉注射或静脉输注(5min内)缩宫素5U,连续每5”记录一组有创血压和心率数据,并计量产后失血量。结果(meanSD):两组心率增快分别为1710.7和109.7(次/分),平均动脉压分别为277.6和88.7 ( mmHg),静注组变化显著大于输注组;两组产后失血量无显著差别。提示小剂量缩宫素静脉输注对血压、心率的影响比静注组轻[12]。这一研究结果对于已有低血压、低血容量、失血性休克等情况的产妇以及合并心脏病的产妇应用缩宫素可能有指导意义,即:用缩宫素10~20U加入500ml输液中静脉点滴,可能比小剂量静注更安全。

2. 肌注:子宫体或子宫颈肌注缩宫素是产科医生使用方便的给药法,但肌注的“极量为20U/次”,不应超过。因为缩宫素主要依靠缩宫素受体起作用,受体占满后已发挥最大效应,此时再增大缩宫素用量,只会增加其副作用,而无太多益处。

3. 脐动、静脉注射:有报道,断脐后向胎盘端脐动脉内直接推注缩宫素20U(稀释成20ml),对照组给予子宫体注射缩宫素20U。结果表明,脐动脉推注缩宫素用于剖宫产术减少子宫出血量,显著优于子宫肌注射缩宫素(P<0.O1),脐动脉注射缩宫素能促进胎盘剥离,明显缩短第三产程[13]。但有的报道称只能加快胎盘的分离,未能证明有减少失血作用[14]。

4.缩宫素不同途径联合给药:据报道,静脉加子宫肌内联合注射缩宫素较单纯子宫肌注射缩宫素组血液动力学参数回升迅速,提示剖宫产患者术中联合应用缩宫素有利于血液动力学迅速恢复至正常状态,说明联合应用宫缩素预防剖宫产患者术中大出血是安全有效的[15]。也有脐血管注射+子宫肌内注射联合应用[16]。

5. 缩宫素与其它收缩子宫药物联合:缩宫素效果不佳时,常需联合用应其它子宫收缩剂,如米索前列醇(置入舌下或直肠)[16]、卡前列素氨丁三醇(Carboprost tromethamine,Hemabate,欣母沛注射液)肌注等[17]。麦角新碱也是有效的子宫收缩剂。如仍持续出血,应进一步查明原因,与产科医生共同处理(如清除血液,探查子宫,阴道和宫颈,了解有无撕裂或组织残留)。

(四)结语
产后出血是导致孕产妇死亡的主要原因,宫缩乏力性产后出血居第一位。缩宫素仍是治疗宫缩乏力的首选,其加强子宫收缩的作用,迅速关闭子宫肌层创面的血窦,阻断血流,效果确切。但缩宫素也有其固有的副作用,其中包括静注后的血管扩张和心动过速等。
缩宫素通过直接(包括反射)作用或间接作用可导致产妇显著的短暂的低血压、心动过速和/或心律失常,成为剖宫产术中胎儿娩出后复杂血流动力学变化的诸多因素之一。这种影响对大多数产妇不会导致严重后果,但对于高位椎管内阻滞、低血压或心动过缓以及伴有大出血的剖宫产病人,可能造成严重低血压,甚至心跳骤停。
缩宫素的心血管副作用同剂量相关,多数学者认为,以<5U/次缓慢静注,或以一定剂量稀释后静脉点滴,对血流动力学影响较轻。部分临床医生习惯用大剂量(10-30U/次)缩宫素静注,这种临床实践并不符合“缩宫素静注以5U/次为限”的用药原则。但缩宫素的最低有效剂量仍在探索中,或许比5U/次更低?或许因人而异?目前仍无定论。
剖宫产术中缩宫素的给药途径和给药方法影响药物的止血效果和心血管副作用,需根据情况选用。虽最佳途径与方法尚无定论,但以下做法已得到认可:缩宫素单次静注后作用时间短暂(半衰期仅数分钟),故应给予维持宫缩的药物浓度;如仍宫缩无力,不应盲目加大缩宫素剂量,而需考虑产科措施、合用或加用其它加强宫缩药物以达止血目的。

参考文献与资料

[1]. Altura BM, Altura BT. Actions of vasopressin, oxytocin, and synthetic analogs on vascular smooth muscle. Fed Proc. 1984 Jan;43(1):80-6
[2]. Mukaddam-Daher S, et al. Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of oxytocin. Hypertension. 2001 Aug;38(2):292-6
[3]. Costa-E-Sousa RH, et al. Cardiac effects of oxytocin: is there a role for this peptide in cardiovascular homeostasis? Regul Pept. 2005 Dec 15;132(1-3):107-12. Epub 2005 Oct 6.
[4]. Thomas and Cooper.  Maternal deaths from anaesthesia_ An extract from Why Mothers Die 1997-1999, the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom{dagger} British Journal of Anaesthesia. 89 (3) 499
(译文)Re:从10例剖宫产围术期心跳骤停病例中应吸取什么教训?
[5]. 杨藻寰 主编:《药理学和药物治疗学》p1181 北京 人民卫生出版社 2000
[6]. 剖宫产术中缩宫素使用情况调查
[7]. 蔡琳 (综述) 戴钟英 (审校)催产素的发展及其在妇产科的应用. 中华医学实践杂志 2004 年 11 月 第 3 卷 第 11 期
[8]. 徐从瑞,等 择期剖宫产产妇静注催产素的临床研究 (河北 医 学 Vol.6 No.3,2000)
[9].刘中凯 赵磊:缩宫素对择期剖宫产产妇血流动力学的影响泰山 医学院学报 v24(5) 2003
[10]. 刘春秀:剖宫产术中催产素静脉推注与宫壁注射200例临床分析:华夏医学V.17:371
[11]. Miller: Miller&#39;s Anesthesia, 6th ed.(p.1748)
[12]. Thomas JS, et al. Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 2 Dec 2006.

[13].张厚贞:脐动脉推注催产素减少剖宫产术中出血240例临床观察(Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine,March.2005.v01.4.No.3)
[14]. Kovavisarach E, Rojsangruang S. Effect of umbilical vein oxytocin injection on the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled study. J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 Sep;81(9):693-7

[15]. 杨瑛 等,硬膜外麻醉及缩宫素对剖宫产患者的循环血液动力学影响(中国现代医学杂志Vol.14 NO.7,2004
[16].徐红玲 等 米索与催产素联合应用预防剖宫产术中出血(医学理沦与实践2004年第l7卷第5期)
[17].欣母沛 注射液Hemabate

                           (Xg_zhong888于2007.1.)
转自丁香园

emxz 发表于 2007-2-11 14:03

回yhy403站友:
(一)、关于缩宫素对心率的影响说几点:
1.多个离体动物实验研究报告显示:缩宫素有负性肌力作用和负性频率作用;在非麻醉动物实验也显示有上述作用,但神经反射机制参与,其心率先减慢,而数分钟后心率即回升(此时扩血管作用尚未消失)。

2.在人体研究中本人未查到缩宫素引起心动过缓的文献。是否同压力感受器反射的参与有关,以至于未能显现其负性频率作用,反而多表现为心动过速?本人也不清楚,哪位站友知道,请赐教。

3.临床上有时表现为用缩宫素后出现心动过缓,原因比较复杂,不知可否用回心血量骤降后的静脉心脏反射来解释?
如哪位站友有这方面的研究或资料,诚恳希望提供共享。

下面贴出几篇文摘,供参考:

[1]、Fed Proc. 1984 Jan;43(1):80-6. Links
Actions of vasopressin, oxytocin, and synthetic analogs on vascular smooth muscle.
•  Altura BM, Altura BT.
A variety of physiological, pharmacological, and experimental factors are needed to explain why different authors have recorded often confusing and contradictory results of studying blood pressure and blood flow with vasopressin, oxytocin, and their analogs. Vasopressin and a number of synthetic analogs can produce potent constriction of numerous regional arteries and arterioles (e.g., splanchnic, renal, skeletal muscle, carotid, hepatic) in near physiological (i.e., 10(-12) - 10(-10)M) concentrations. Oxytocin appears to be able to elicit much weaker constriction (threshold = 10(-7) - 10(-5)M) and can produce relaxation (i.e., vasodilatation) in the presence of high degrees of tone in skeletal muscle, hepatic, renal, and splanchnic vasculatures; this may account for its blood pressure-lowering actions. With respect to the cerebral, coronary, and pulmonary vasculatures, there appears to be no good direct evidence indicating that either vasopressin or oxytocin can elicit much in the way of constrictor actions. Oxytocin, in contrast to vasopressin, is a potent constrictor of the umbilical-placental vasculature in concentrations found at term pregnancy and during parturition. Blood vessels from animals genetically lacking vasopressin appear to be supersensitive to the contractile actions of neurohypophyseal hormones. The contractile potencies and structure-activity relationships of neurohypophyseal peptides appears to vary with the type of blood vessel; i.v. rat pressor assays do not reflect the latter and cannot be utilized to determine structure-activity relationships of these peptides on vascular smooth muscle. Either a heterogeneity of the vasopressin receptor exists in peripheral blood vessels or there are vasopressin receptor subtypes on vascular muscles. Oxytocin analogs can be designed that are extremely potent splanchnic vasoconstrictors. Further insight into these areas should provide basic information on the role of these peptides in circulatory homeostasis.
PMID: 6690341 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[2]、 Hypertension. 2001 Aug;38(2):292-6. Links
Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of oxytocin.
•  Mukaddam-Daher S,
•  Yin YL,
•  Roy J,
•  Gutkowska J,
•  Cardinal R.
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Centre Hospitalier de L&#39;Universite de Montreal Research Center, Pavilion Hotel-Dieu, Montreal, Canada. [email]suhayla.mukaddam-daher@umontreal.ca[/email]
We have previously shown that oxytocin receptors are present in the heart and that perfusion of isolated rat hearts with oxytocin results in decreased cardiac flow rate and bradycardia. The mechanisms involved in the negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of oxytocin were investigated in isolated dog right atria in the absence of central mechanisms. Perfusion of atria through the sinus node artery with 10(-6) mol/L oxytocin over 5 minutes (8 mL/min) significantly decreased both beating rate (-14.7+/-4.9% of basal levels, n=5, P<0.004) and force of contraction (-52.4+/-9.1% of basal levels, n=5, P<0.001). Co-perfusion with 10(-6) mol/L oxytocin receptor antagonist (n=3) completely inhibited the effects of oxytocin on frequency (P<0.04) and force of contraction (P<0.004), indicating receptor specificity. The effects of oxytocin were also totally inhibited by co-perfusion with 5x10(-8) mol/L tetrodotoxin (P<0.02) or 10(-6) mol/L atropine (P<0.03) but not by 10(-6) mol/L hexamethonium, which implies that these effects are neurally mediated, primarily by intrinsic parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Co-perfusion with 10(-6) mol/L NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) significantly inhibited oxytocin effects on both beating rate (-1.85+/-1.27% versus -14.7+/-4.9% in oxytocin alone, P<0.05) and force of contraction (-24.9+/-4.4% versus -52.4+/-9.1% in oxytocin alone, n=4, P<0.04). The effect of oxytocin on contractility was further inhibited by L-NAME at 10(-4) mol/L (-8.1+/-1.8%, P<0.01). These studies imply that the negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of oxytocin are mediated by cardiac oxytocin receptors and that intrinsic cardiac cholinergic neurons and NO are involved in these actions.
PMID: 11509492 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[3]、Regul Pept. 2005 Dec 15;132(1-3):107-12. Epub 2005 Oct 6.
Cardiac effects of oxytocin: is there a role for this peptide in cardiovascular homeostasis?
•  Costa-E-Sousa RH,
•  Pereira-Junior PP,
•  Oliveira PF,
•  Olivares EL,
•  Werneck-de-Castro JP,
•  Mello DB,
•  Nascimento JH,
•  Campos-de-Carvalho AC.
Laboratories of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Biophysical Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [email]rhcs@biof.ufrj.br[/email]
Oxytocin is well known for its role in reproduction. However, evidence has emerged suggesting a role in cardiovascular and hydroelectrolytic homeostasis. Although its renal effects have been characterized, the cardiac ones have not been much studied. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cardiac effects of oxytocin both in vivo and in vitro. In unanesthetized rats (n=6) intravenous oxytocin (1 mug) decreased dP/dt(max) by 15% (P<0.05) and heart rate by 20% (P<0.001), at the first minute after injection. dP/dt(max) was still lower in OT-treated rats than in controls (n=8) after 15 min (P<0.05), while heart rate returned to control values after 5 min. In isolated hearts, oxytocin was able to promote negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. Perfusion with 10(-5), 10(-6) and 10(-7)M oxytocin resulted in approximately 60% (P<0.01), 25% (P<0.01) and 10% (P<0.05) reduction of left ventricle developed pressure, without effect in lower concentrations (10(-10) to 10(-8) M). Also, dP/dt(max) was reduced by 45 and 20% (10(-5) e 10(-6) M; P<0.01), while diastolic pressure raised and heart rate fell only with 10(-5)M oxytocin (P<0.05). Intravenous oxytocin (1 mug; n=6) increased arterial pressure by 22% at the first minute (+23+/-3 mm Hg; P<0.001), returning to control value thereafter. Thus, oxytocin is able to promote directly negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, but its in vivo effect also involves a reflex mechanism, originated from its pressor effect.
PMID: 16213606 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

(待续)

emxz 发表于 2007-2-11 14:03

回yhy403:
(二)“大多数药物出现不良反应跟其峰浓度有关,既然缩宫素半衰期仅数分钟,那么5U/次静注出现不良反应的几率和严重程度是否会高于10-20U用500ml输液稀释后静滴?”

一般认为是这样的。所以病情危重、循环不稳定时提倡用静滴,而不是静注(即使是5U/次)。下面贴出06年Br J Anaesth上的一篇文章(摘要),作为参考:

Medline Search

Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing Caesarean section.
Publish date: 2 Dec 2006.
Author: Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM
Br J Anaesth; Pages: ;

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of oxytocin in animal models and women undergoing Caesarean section include tachycardia, hypotension and decrease in cardiac output. These can be sufficient to cause significant compromise in high-risk patients. We aimed to find a simple way to decrease these risks whilst retaining the benefits of oxytocin in decreasing bleeding after delivery. Method. We recruited 30 women undergoing elective Caesarean section. They were randomly allocated to receive 5 u of oxytocin either as a bolus injection (bolus group) or an infusion over 5 min (infusion group). These women had their heart rate and intra-arterial blood pressure recorded every 5 s throughout the procedure. The haemodynamic data, along with the estimated blood loss, were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Marked cardiovascular changes occurred in the bolus group; the heart rate increased by 17 (10.7) beats min(-1) [mean (SD)] compared with 10 (9.7) beats min(-1) in the infusion group. The mean arterial pressure decreased by 27 (7.6) mm Hg in the bolus group compared with 8 (8.7) mm Hg in the infusion group. There were no differences in the estimated blood loss between the two groups. CONCLUSION: /B>. We recommend that bolus doses should be used with caution, and further studies should ascertain if oxytocin is equally effective in reducing blood loss when given at a slower rate.

(待续)

emxz 发表于 2007-2-11 14:03

回moro站友:
1。缩宫素要发挥促进子宫收缩的最小量是多少单位?有没有报道缩宫素的极量是多少?比如:24小时不超过多少单位?
文献上未查到缩宫素最小有效量的记载。但用于产后出血防治的静注用量不超过5U/次,其实际最小有效量可能比5U/次更小。药理学书藉中对于缩宫素肌注极量均有规定,为20U/次,但无24小时极量的记载。由于长时间大剂量应用有引起抗利尿的副作用(引起水中毒),故均告诫要避免长时间大剂量应用。

2。以前在药理学中学到小剂量缩宫素发挥的作用是使子宫肌发生节律性收缩,而大剂量缩宫素发挥的作用是使子宫肌发生强直性收缩,特别是子宫下段,所以产后防止子宫收缩乏力出血用大剂量缩宫素,那么是不是用大剂量直接用于子宫肌层效果更好。

(1)一般都认为药物静注起效时间比肌注快。子宫肌层注射缩宫素是临床常用的方法,优点是方便,心血管副作用少;但起效比静注时慢,因为肌注后必需被吸收入血,再均匀分布于子宫肌层才能产生全子宫有效收缩。
(2)缩宫素的止血作用是通过缩宫素受体起作用,如受体已被全部占领,再多缩宫素也不会增强子宫收缩作用,而只会增加其副作用。所以止血效果并不是用大剂量就会更好。

3。缩宫素半衰期很短,是否静脉滴注更能发挥作用?

目前公认小剂量滴注缩宫素为安全常用的给药途径,它可随时调整用药剂量,保持有效宫缩,一旦发生异常即可随时停药。缩宫素用于产后止血时,最好在静注或肌注后给予静滴维持,或加用其它长效缩宫剂。心血管功能不稳定的病人最好一开始就用缩宫素静滴,并严密监护。

谢谢!

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