Decode Pfizer新药 Sutent
From: [url]http://www.myresearchspace.cn/bbs/thread-3054-1-1.html[/url]解密就从新批准的抗肿瘤药物Sutent开始,我们要解析的是他的整个开发过程
New molecular entities Sunitinib malate (Sutent) Pfizer Imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumour and advanced renal cell carcinoma Multitargeted kinase inhibitor 26-Jan
对这个现在我只知道一个大概,
* Su系列化合物原来是Sugen公司的,后来被Pfizer买了。
* 最初发展的化合物也不是现在被批准的这个。
* 这个药物好像是口服的。
我们把整个过程分析一下,希望对以后开发药物有所启发。现在有一下几点,谁能补充一下?补充完了我们便分头行动做research吧。
* Lead compound 产生过程
* 药效药理以及作用机制
* 毒理学
* 制剂分析
* 临床资料分析
* 其他能够收集到的资料
* 公司决策以及资本运作
* 涉及到的重要人员
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我先来贴个八卦
反映Sutent开发团队变迁,
创业精神永驻
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Sugen公司被收购了,但其研发的抗癌新药有望在近期获得美国食品与药品管理局的批准
这是商海沉浮的经典故事。一家生物技术小公司奋力拼搏,历经百般磨难,最终发现了一种颇具前景的抗癌药物。但是经过一系列的兼并之后,这家新兴公司却被一家医药业巨头吞并了,于是这项业务便停顿下来。虽然这家大制药商仍继续对该药进行研发,但当初的那个创新团队却早已各奔东西了。
简而言之,这就是一个曾经风光一时,名为Sugen生物技术公司的历史,也可以说是一部伤心史。走在前沿的生物技术公司和药业巨头的联姻最终导致的结果是分崩离昔还是硕果累累,该公司的成长史及其研制的名为Sutent的药物将给我们说明一切。
Sugen公司被认为是20世纪90年代中期最富创新精神的生物技术创业公司之一,该公司发明的治疗肾细胞癌和胃肠间质瘤(GIST)这两种凶顽癌症的药物,在同类药物中首屈一指。在接连经历了3次兼并之后,最终的买家辉瑞公司于2003年将Sugen团队解散了。然而这种药却被保留了下来,而且在数月内很有可能获得美国食品与药品管理局的生产许可。
教训是什么呢?小的生物技术运营商往往有着坚忍不拔的执着,Sugen公司的元老们称之为有些固执己见,这使他们敢于打破常规行为,进而拥有新发现。但只有借助药业巨头的资金和专门技术才能把这些疗法推向市场。然而一旦被辉瑞公司这样的巨头接管后,那些固执的生物技术团队元老们便会纷纷离去,并开始重头再来。位于波士顿的DanaFarber癌症研究所(DanaFarber Cancer Institute)的乔治·迪米特里博士亲眼目睹了Sugen公司的兴衰,他说:“有人可能会说生物技术行业内的事情本该如此。”
南旧金山中心
原来Sugen公司的科学家们正散布在世界各地进行着创新研究。许多人就住在南旧金山地区,这里的生物技术公司星罗棋布,很早就流传这么一个笑话,说人们经常跳槽,而停车场却不用换。基因技术公司(Genentech Inc.)和奇隆公司(Chiron Corp)里有一些Sugen公司的元老。其他人则加入到了新一代的创业公司。Sugen公司的合作创始人阿克塞尔·乌尔里克创立了另一家公司,从辉瑞公司手中买回了一项Sugen公司专利作为一种抗癌新药的研制基础。Sugen公司的前任总裁劳拉·肖弗现在掌管着圣地亚哥的Phenomix公司,她说: “我们在新的工作岗位上都很愉快,我们还会研发其他的治癌新药。”
未来几年里,许多生物技术创业公司将会步Sugen公司的后尘。大型药业公司陷入困顿,其产品管线即将告罄,专利有效期即将期满。同时,上市公司市场疲软使生物技术公司比几年前更愿意接受出售。商业银行博乐集团(Burrill Co)说,2005年头9个月,规模最大的20家药品公司完成了13桩收购,而2003年和2004年加起来共有15桩。
与其他许多生物技术公司一样,Sugen公司也是得益于两位前沿科学家而发展壮大起来的,一位是慕尼黑的马普科学院生物化学研究所(Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry)主任乌尔里克,另一位名叫约瑟夫·施莱辛格,是当前耶鲁医学院(Yale School of Medicine)的教授兼一家创业公司Plexxikon的合伙创始人。两位都在研究一种称为激酶的蛋白质,它负责控制信息在细胞表层内外传递的方式。当激酶发生错误时就会发出信号,导致瘤子无节制地疯长。
橙色预警
Sugen公司团队花了几年时间研制出一种复合物,能够抑制某种诱发癌症的激酶。一族相关化合物似乎符合选择的目标。前任总裁杰里·麦克马洪于1993年加入Sugen公司,他说实力更雄厚的公司研究更有把握,可以继续寻找其他族类的复合物。仅仅凭着有限的资金以及坚信这组分子必将有所作为的胆识, Sugen公司的科学家们集中精力进行攻关。(Sugen公司对这种复合物的执着留下了真实的印记:这种化学品有着醒目的橙色,并且把Sugen公司的实验室和设备染上了一种奇怪的橙色。)
就像许多创业公司一样,Sugen公司的企业文化是拼命干,纵情玩。高管和科学家们经常在晚上和周末加班,但是每个周末员工们都要聚在一起开个晚会。20 世纪90年代任Sugen公司总裁的彼得·赫斯说,万圣节聚会具有传奇色彩。赫斯曾在万圣节带着假睫毛,装扮成白雪公主的样子在董事会上发表演说。
尽管气氛很轻松,但Sugen公司承受着巨大的压力。该公司于1994年10月上市,麦克马洪说Sugen公司为了向股东们展示研究结果将会取得成效,仓促将名为SU5416的主要复合物投入研发。科学家们本可以用更多的时间来改进SU5416被人体组织吸收的方式。不管怎样,SU5416早期成功的效果引起了法玛西亚普强公司(Pharmacia & Upjohn)的注意,该公司于1999年以6.5亿美元的价格收购了Sugen公司。但这种药在几年后的人体试验中遭遇了滑铁卢。Sugen公司的元老们说如果公司一直保持独立的话,经历了这种挫折,要想筹集资金继续研究几乎不可能。
彻底消灭
借助法玛西亚公司的资源,Sugen公司得以调整主攻方向,转而研究已进入早期临床试验的第二种复合物。那时它称之为SU11248,也就是今天的 Sutent。但这种药存在很大争议。 SU5416只抑制一种激酶,而Sutent把目标锁定几个。这听起来不错,但却使这种药在市场上举步维艰,因为它落后于格列卫(Gleevec)一步,这是诺华公司(Novartis)研制的一种革命性的单一目标抗癌药,于2001年获得许可。格列卫的成功激发了全行业对单一目标抗癌药物的研发热情,力求干净彻底地杀死癌细胞。
与此同时,法玛西亚公司于2000年与默沙东公司(Monsanto)合并,并在名字中去掉了普强。在新成立的药业巨头们担心Sutent多目标活动将产生太多副作用的紧要关头,Sugen公司在法玛西亚内部拥有的相对自主权起了作用。前任Sugen公司总裁肖弗说,要不是这样,没有什么理由能让 Sutent于2001年进入临床试验,这种药也就半路夭折了。先灵葆雅公司(Schering- Plough)首席执行官和法玛西亚公司前任总裁弗雷德·哈森说:“如果没有一腔热情,要取得突破无啻于痴人说梦,大公司就缺少这种热情。”
这种热情在2003年辉瑞公司收购法玛西亚公司后便消失了。辉瑞公司在加利福尼亚拉霍亚已经有一个大型实验室进行激酶研发。它决定关闭Sugen公司在北加利福尼亚的办公室,而且Sugen公司350名员工中只有很少一部分能留下来。然而那时这种药的研究已经取得很大进展,辉瑞公司愿意投入巨额资金,支持 Sutent药在全球进行50例试验。辉瑞公司说Sutent药目前看来可以增加肾细胞癌患者的存活几率,这是一种非常凶顽的癌症,而且这种药能延长那些对格列卫药有抗药性的胃肠间质瘤病人的生命。它还做了神经内分泌和乳腺癌的测试。
所有这些使劳里·斯特朗感到很欣慰,她是前Sugen公司中少数几个留在辉瑞公司的人之一。她和以前的同事商量如果药物试验最终获得成功的话,重新欢聚一堂来庆祝,但别指望辉瑞公司会来组织活动。辉瑞公司研究及技术负责人马丁·麦凯说:“我们不需要聚会,我们只是继续工作。”这让人感到有点遗憾。
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捧个场:review一篇
[url]http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/25/7/884[/url]
Sunitinib: From Rational Design to Clinical Efficacy
[ 本帖最后由 kiaa 于 2007-3-8 18:22 编辑 ]
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Kiaa充分发挥下考古的本领,把这些都考古出来。
那Kiaa担任lead generation 部分的总负责?
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能查到的最早的report.(Blood)
SU11248 is a novel FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent activity in vitro and in vivo
[url]http://bloodjournal.hematologyli[/url] ... ent/full/101/9/3597
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其实sutent的故事是从这里开始的.
[url]http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/arti[/url] ... html/jm0204183.html
Sugen公司于2003年首先发表了一篇J med Chem, 介绍了这一族tyrosine kinase inhibitors的合成方法和一些简单的biological evaluation 结果.
这一族compound其实是首先作为VEGF-R2 and PDGF-R inhibitor被报道的. 文中的12b(就是后来的sutent)在对PDGF-R的kinase assay中,显示了nM级的活性,在对3T3 cell中的cellular kinase assay中也显示了很好的抑制作用. 12b在这个family中, 有相当好的solubility,这也就预示着以后的in vivo study可能会有很好的结果
虽然这只是一篇J Med Chem的short article, 但是其背后蕴藏着无限的商机. 短短几年竟然有如此发展,不能不说industry的研究工作非常高效.
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Good,我熟悉Su5416是因为新生血管生成抑制剂,Su5416是VEGFR-2的特异抑制剂,当初是作为抗血管药物开发的。
Kiaa你的考古应该从Su5416开始,1999年就报道了这个化合物的活性,那时候我刚读博士。
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上次阿克塞尔·乌尔里克博士,即文中提到的Sugen公司的合作创始人之一来我们所和我们聊天时,还提到其药物开发从SU5416到SU6668到SU11248的过程,即从单一靶点药物到多靶点药物的研究历程。好像这次 LA召开的AACR年会上Dr Ullrich也将谈到多靶点药物的优势。
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我来弄preclinical in vivostudy的报道吧,以paper为主,
最早的关于Su系列的化合物是SU5416,这里面有不少牛人,Ullrich是我比较推崇的一个,现在在德国马普实验室。tyrosine kinase牛人,第一个克隆到了鼠的VEGFR-2。应该是SUgen公司tyrosine kinase筛选模型建立的大功臣。
Cancer Res. 1999 Jan 1;59(1):99-106. Links
SU5416 is a potent andselective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor(Flk-1/KDR) that inhibits tyrosine kinase catalysis, tumorvascularization, and growth of multiple tumor types.
* Fong TA, Shawver LK, Sun L,Tang C,App H,Powell TJ,Kim YH,Schreck R,Wang X,isau W,Ullrich A,Hirth KP,McMahon G.
SUGEN, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. [email]fong@progenitor.com[/email]
SU5416, a novel synthetic compound, is a potent andselective inhibitor of the Flk-1/KDR receptor tyrosine kinase that ispresently under evaluation in Phase I clinical studies for thetreatment of human cancers. SU5416 was shown to inhibit vascularendothelial growth factor-dependent mitogenesis of human endothelialcells without inhibiting the growth of a variety of tumor cells invitro. In contrast, systemic administration of SU5416 at nontoxic dosesin mice resulted in inhibition of subcutaneous tumor growth of cellsderived from various tissue origins. The antitumor effect of SU5416 wasaccompanied by the appearance of pale white tumors that were resectedfrom drug-treated animals, supporting the antiangiogenic property ofthis agent. These findings support that pharmacological inhibition ofthe enzymatic activity of the vascular endothelial growth factorreceptor represents a novel strategy for limiting the growth of a widevariety of tumor types.
PMID: 9892193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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我正在看su5416的故事.
1999年 sugen的确也发了一篇j med chem. [url]http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/arti[/url] ... html/jm980123i.html 这篇j med chem主要解决了连接indolin和5-member ring/phenyl之间double bond的Z form还是E form更具生物活性的关键问题. 这篇文章里报道的结构很多, 如果我没看错的话cmpd 45就是Su5416, 它只是leading cmpd中的其中一个.
2003 J med chem里面的5a和su5416, 5b和su6668应该是同一结构,但是三者比较高下立见--因为sutent比其他两个有更好的solubility.
结合su5416后来的波折, 我们可以看出solubility是关键中的关键.
而indolin上引入一个卤素原子, 虽然削弱了solubility,但是大大的增强了生物活性,这也是medicinal chemist常用的把戏之一.
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小分子化合物的溶解性的确是一个经典的难题,但是根据前面的review以及相关报道,这个的区别也在靶点上,一个SU5416是特异的单靶点(VEGFR-2),一个是dirty,多靶点,
现在多了个溶解性问题。
效果好究竟是因为多靶点的原因呢,还是溶解性好动物吸收容易呢? 这里我们应该好好分析一下,
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发现了更多的八卦,为什么sugen公司陨落
Correspondence
Nature Biotechnology 21, 969 (2003)
doi:10.1038/nbt0903-969a
The closure of Sugen
Alexander Levitzki
Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel [email]levitzki@vms.huji.ac.il[/email]
To the editor:
I read with great interest the News story in the July issue (Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 722−723, 2003) on the closure of Sugen (S. San Francisco, CA, USA) in the wake of its takeover by Pfizer (New York, NY, USA). I was rather perplexed, however, to read the statement by Tony Hunter that Sugen was "a model of how to run a company." Rather, the reverse is true, and this was the reason for the company's downfall.
Sugen was founded by the eminent scientists Joseph Schlessinger (the 'S' in Sugen) and Axel Ullrich (the 'U' in Sugen). I was recruited as Vice President of Research in December 1992 and joined the company in 1993.
The portfolio of tyrphostins that was initiated, and continues to be developed, in Jerusalem by my group was licensed to Sugen by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. The Hebrew University also helped the company to go public by stating that it would continue to collaborate over the development of these compounds. The agreement between the Hebrew University and Sugen to develop jointly novel kinase inhibitors was never fulfilled, and members of my research group in Israel were prevented from even talking to Sugen chemists. I was screened from the chemistry efforts across the hall, although the Sugen chemists were pursuing our joint ideas. All this took place while I served as Vice President of Research.
To cap it all, in 1999—long after I resigned from the company—the Hebrew University's patent lawyers discovered that Sugen had submitted a patent application on platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors made by Aviv Gazit and myself in 1997 in Jerusalem, independently of Sugen chemists, without even putting our names on the application! The application was of course withdrawn after some 'interesting' email exchanges between South San Francisco and Jerusalem.
Another example of 'model' management was the way Sugen handled its collaboration with Amgen (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA). The projects financed by Amgen were not making progress, according to my judgment, and I therefore suggested some changes. These were submitted to the CEO but never discussed. The outcome of my comments was my removal from the joint Amgen-Sugen meetings! Amgen indeed pulled out about a year later, which did not surprise me. This should have been taken as a setback for Sugen, but its CEO turned a blind eye.
Sugen rejected the opportunity to develop novel Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors, which we in Jerusalem had patented and published between 1991 and 1993. Sugen decided not to develop these novel Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors as treatments for chronic myeloid leukemia "because there are not enough patients." The argument that this was the best system to demonstrate the proof of principle of signal transduction therapy, and that such a proof would bring Sugen money, did not wash. In 1996, Brian Druker and Nick Lydon of Novartis (Basel, Switzerland) convinced their company to develop Gleevec. (These authors graciously credit the Jerusalem team as the pioneers in their seminal paper of 1996; see ref. 1.) The rest is history.
A similar unfortunate approach was taken by Sugen in regard to the development of novel Jak-2 inhibitors, also licensed to Sugen by the Hebrew University. These inhibitors were based on studies we conducted with Chaim Roifman from the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada. Our publication2 on the first Jak-2 pathway inhibitor and its utilization was delayed for almost two years, to allow Sugen to 'ponder' whether Jak-2 was a good target for leukemia treatment. The project was terminated before it even started, again because the patient population was considered too small! Sugen's management believed that the important targets were colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer, and that finding treatments for these would bring the company billions.
I quickly realized that my Hebrew University group and I had no say in decisions taken in the company. I believed Sugen was heading downhill, so I left in 1994 and terminated our relationship entirely in 1997. I must add that I was not the only victim of these managerial 'skills' within the company.
Sugen is actually a model of how a company that ought to have been the pioneer in bringing signal transduction therapy to the patient bed failed because of poor management. It had excellent scientists and superb administrators, but it was bogged down by Byzantine intrigues. For the sake of the younger people who think that the world of start-up biotechnology is so rosy, I think it is important to add a note of caution.
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是不是也应该分析下他们的资本运作?我们这里有这方面的人才么?
Sugen公司94年就上市了。。。这使得我们可以拿到它的一些季度报告
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96-99年的
季度报告
[url]http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Doc[/url] ... eports+--+Form+10-Q
年度报告
[url]http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Doc[/url] ... Report+--+Form+10-K
[url]http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Doc[/url] ... =Annual+Reports+--+
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Sunitinib:从合理设计到临床应用
Title:Sunitinib: from rational design to clinical efficacy
题目:Sunitinib:从合理设计到临床应用
Author: Chow LQ, Eckhardt SG.
作者:Chow LQ,,Eckhardt SG
Resource:J Clin Oncol. 2007 Mar 1;25(7):884-96.
来源:《临床肿瘤》杂志2007年3月1日,25(7):884-96
Impact Factor:11.8(2005)
影响因子:11.8(2005)
Abstract:Sunitinib (SU011248) is an oral small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitor that exhibits potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activity.
摘要:Sunitinib(SU011248)是一种新的口服用的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,具有很强的抑制血管和抗肿瘤效应。
Tyrosinekinase inhibitors such as SU6668 and SU5416 (semaxanib) demonstrated poor pharmacologic properties and limited efficacy; therefore,sunitinib was rationally designed and chosen for its high bioavailability and its nanomolar-range potency against theantiangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)--vascular endothelialgrowth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factorreceptor (PDGFR)
某些酪氨酸激酶抑制剂如SU6668和SU5416(semaxanib)药理性能低,临床效果差,因此需要研发出更好的药,sunitinib就是其中之一。Sunitinib是一个经过合理设计的药物,它具有良好的生物利用度,一定程度上也可拮抗可促进血管形成的酪氨酸激酶受体(RTKs),如血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)和血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR)。
Sunitinibinhibits other tyrosine kinases including, KIT, FLT3,colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), and RET, which are involved in anumber of malignancies including small-cell lung cancer, GI stromaltumors (GISTs), breast cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia,
multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Sunitinib可抑制其它的一些酪氨酸激酶受体,有KIT受体、FLT3受体、集落刺激因子(CSF-1)受体及RET受体,这些因子都与多种恶性肿瘤有关,如小细胞肺癌、胃肠肿瘤(GISTs)、乳腺癌、急性非淋巴性白血病、家族性甲状腺髓样瘤和多发性内分泌腺瘤综合征2A型及2B型。
Sunitinib demonstrated robust antitumor activityin preclinical studies resulting not only in tumor growth inhibition,but tumor regression in models of colon cancer, non-small-cell lungcancer, melanoma, renal carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, whichwere associated with inhibition of VEGFR and PDGFR phosphorylation.
Sunitinib在临床前期试验中显示出了很好的抗肿瘤活性。在结肠癌、非小细胞肺癌、黑素瘤、肾癌及鳞状细胞癌的模型试验中,sunitinib不但可抑制肿瘤生长,还可缩小肿瘤,考虑与sunitinib可抑制VEGFR和PDGFR的磷酸化这一活性有关。
Clinicalactivity was demonstrated in neuroendocrine, colon, and breast cancersin phase II studies, whereas definitive efficacy has been demonstratedin advanced renal cell carcinoma and in imatinib-refractory GISTs,leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval of sunitinib fortreatment of these two diseases.
在II期临床试验中,sunitinib治疗神经内分泌瘤、结肠癌和乳腺癌有很好的效果。而当尝试应用于肾癌和耐imatinib的胃肠肿瘤时,sunitinib治疗同样显示出了良好的效果,正是由于这一点,美国FDA批准sunitinib可用于治疗肾癌和胃肠肿瘤。
Studiesinvestigating sunitinib alone in various tumor types and in combinationwith chemotherapy are ongoing. The clinical benchmarking of thissmall-molecule inhibitor of members of the split-kinase domain familyof RTKs will lead to additional insightsregarding the biology, potential biomarkers, and clinical utility ofagents that target multiple signaling pathways in tumor, stromal, andendothelial compartments.目前报道的关于sunitinib的研究都是其单种药的应用,联合sunitinib的化学治疗正在研究中。这个针对RTKs家族跨膜蛋白激酶结构域而设计的小分子抑制剂,提高了目前肿瘤的治疗效果,这个药物的药理使人们对生物学、生物标记及针对多信号通路药物的临床利用率的有了更深刻的认识。
PMID: 17327610
中文编译:(字数651)
题目:Sunitinib:从合理设计到临床应用
作者:Chow LQ,,Eckhardt SG
来源:《临床肿瘤》杂志2007年3月1日,25(7):884-96
影响因子:11.8(2005)
摘要:Sunitinib(SU011248)是一种新的口服用的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,具有抑制血管形成的潜能和抗肿瘤效应。某些酪氨酸激酶抑制剂如 SU6668和SU5416(semaxanib)药理性能低,临床效果差,因此需要研发出更好的药物。sunitinib就是一个新研发的药物,是一个经过合理设计的药物,它具有良好的生物利用度,一定程度上也可拮抗可促进血管形成的酪氨酸激酶受体(RTKs),如血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)和血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR)。Sunitinib还可抑制其它的一些酪氨酸激酶受体家族蛋白,有KIT受体、FLT3受体、集落刺激因子 (CSF-1)受体及RET受体,这些因子都与多种恶性肿瘤有关,如小细胞肺癌、胃肠肿瘤(GISTs)、乳腺癌、急性非淋巴性白血病、家族性甲状腺髓样瘤和多发性内分泌腺瘤综合征2A型及2B型。Sunitinib在临床前期试验中就显示出了很好的抗肿瘤活性。在结肠癌、非小细胞肺癌、黑素瘤、肾癌及鳞状细胞癌的模型试验中,sunitinib不但可抑制肿瘤生长,还可缩小肿瘤,考虑与sunitinib可抑制VEGFR和PDGFR的磷酸化这一活性有关。在II期临床试验中,sunitinib治疗神经内分泌瘤、结肠癌和乳腺癌有很好的效果。而当其尝试应用于肾癌和耐imatinib的胃肠肿瘤时, sunitinib治疗同样显示出了良好的效果,正是由于这一点,美国FDA批准sunitinib可用于治疗肾癌和胃肠肿瘤。目前报道的关于 sunitinib的研究都是其单种药的应用,联合sunitinib的化学治疗正在研究中。这个针对RTKs家族跨膜蛋白激酶结构域而设计的小分子抑制剂,提高了目前肿瘤的治疗效果,这个药物的药理使人们对生物学、生物标记及针对多信号通路药物的临床利用率的有了更深刻的认识。
PMID: 17327610 我非常仔细地拜读了您的发言,令我折服,既获得了知识,也丰富了对药物研发的理解,本应大加赞扬,但评分太急了,不能重复评分,但非常希望再次拜读您的帖子!
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