总Medical Terminology
Medical Terminology医学 术语学 (yi xue shu yu xue)
Introduction to the First Edition of
Medical Terminology
This is to serve as an introduction to medical terminology that is commonly in use by the English speaking international medical community. This book is put together with the Chinese language speaker in mind but may be used by English language speakers who wish to familiarize themselves with Chinese medical terminology. It is not intended as a replacement for the arduous study of the Greek and Latin languages, which are the basis of the majority of the words, used by the English speaking medical community, but rather as a beginning in learning the myriad of words and terms in use by the modern medical community. Learning the terms presented in this book will enable the student to understand most of the words and expressions in current use, and armed with the knowledge of the construction of how Greek and Latin words are created should enable the reader, to be able to obtain a comprehension of any new medical vocabulary terms. Chinese has been added to facilitate a better understanding for the intended Chinese reader.
In the first part of the book the reader is introduced to the construction of medical terms. Subsequent chapters then delve into the various medical fields, which use terms specific to their disciplines. Abbreviations and terms not of Greek or Latin origin are introduced to familiarize the reader with additional idiosyncrasies in English Medical Terminology.
How to Understand Medical terms and Expressions
The foundation for medical terms in the English language has it roots in the languages of Latin and Greek. Knowledge of these languages will give a Chinese Medical Professional a much better understanding of an unfamiliar word and or expression. Conversely, the Medical Professional whom has English, as their primary language will benefit from seeing the construction of the Chinese Medical Terminology in their studies of the Chinese language.
Familiarize yourself with the Latin, Greek and French works in this Book and you will be able to understand the vast majority of medical terms in use in the English language. When you encounter a word you have never seen before you will be able to understand it’s meaning by “dissecting” the word and knowing its components and how they are used in other words. English being a dynamic language will continue to incorporate more new medical terms and replace older ones, you need to prepare yourself by knowing the material contained within this manual.
Medical terminology words and words of importance are in Bold script. Sometimes a definition is given for the word and this will be in parentheses. Chinese is added to those words, which are written in bold script, to help the reader understand the relationship between the English Terminology and the Chinese Terminology. Pinyin is written in (Blue Italic Arial script) within parenthesis. An Example of this format is as follows:
Cardiology (the study of the heart) 心脏病学 (xin zang bing xue)
Observe how in Chinese the word Myocarditis (inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) has a structure, which is not too dissimilar to the English with心 (xin) meaning heart, 肌 (ji) meaning muscle and炎 (yan) meaning inflammation. Using this word dissection technique the non-Chinese speaker can familiarize themselves with the Chinese Medical Terminology. Here is another example to illistrate how nicely the Chinese construct medical words. The Chinese word for big is大 (da) and Intestine is 腸 (chang). And from the previous example炎 (yan) is understood to mean inflammation. So when you start to put them together in wanting to say large intestine you have 大腸 (da chang) and for colitis which is an inflammation of the large intestine it is simply大肠炎 (da chang yan).
Generally there are three basic parts to English medical terms:
Word Root 词根 (ci gen) This is the central meaning of the term and is usually in the middle of the medical term.
Prefix 前缀 (qian zhui) Seen at the the beginning of the term it helps to identify the central meaning.
Suffix 后缀 (hou zhui) Always at the end of the term, the suffix modifies the central meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it.
Here is an example of how to take apart a word to understand the term:
Myocarditis 心肌炎 (xin ji yan)
Prefix Word Root Suffix
myo = muscle肌 (ji) card = heart 心 (xin) itis = inflammation 炎 (yan)
Myo as the Prefix helps to identify the Word Root card, and it is modifying the Word Root by implicating an inflammation process that is occurring. Ergo, we can now understand that Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle.
Prefix change:
Myocarditis (inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎 (xin ji yan)
Pericarditis (inflamed outer layer of heart) 心包炎 (xin bao yan)
Endocarditis (inflamed inner layer of heart) 心内膜炎 (xin nei mo yan)
Suffix change:
Cardiologist (a physician specializing in the heart) 心脏病专家 (xin zang bing zhuan jia)
Cardiomyopathy (damage to heart muscle layer) 心肌症 (xin jin zheng)
Cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) 心脏扩大症 (xin zang kuo da zheng)
The basics illustrated above are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate 示范 (shi fan) how moving the parts of the word around modifies the central meaning without changing the Word Root cardio 心 (xin).
When the Prefix and Suffix changes it can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the Word Root the same.
Now let us take the Word Root therm 发热 (fa re) which means heat, and see how it is used to make words. Hypo is the Prefix and means less, so Hypothermia 体温降低 (ti wen jiuan di) can mean less heat. And another Prefix added to therm is Meter which means to measure, consequently a Thermometer 温度计 (wen du ji), 体温计 (ti wen ji) is a something used to measuring heat. Here both forms of the Chinese word for Thermometer are listed as the Chinese language distinguish between a thermometer used for measuring the air temperature温度计 (wen du ji) and another for body temperature体温计 (ti wen ji).
The following are frequently used word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) used to make up many medical terms. If you know them, you will know the majority of simple medical terms. Note that some organs have more than one word root. For example, let us look at the word Breast乳房 (ru fang) which can be written as masto- or mammo-. Typically, one is derived from the Greek and one from Latin. You need to know both roots because you may see either of them used. An x-ray of the breast is called a Mammogram 乳房X线照片 (ru fang X xian zhao pian) and is used to help detect Mastocarcinoma (breast cancer) 乳癌and if the surgeon must remove the breast then that procedure is termed a Mastectomy乳房切除术 (lu fang qie chu shu).
Remember the parts that make up medical terminology are prefixes, word roots and suffixes. The most typical sequence is prefix, word root, and suffix with the word root being central but this is not always the case. In this manual you will see a hyphen in front of a suffix to indicate it is added to the end of a word, let us take the example of –itis (inflammation) 炎 (yan) or –oma (tumor) 瘤 (Liu). Prefixes and word roots are shown as freestanding word parts. A slash and a vowel, such as seen in the example of Leuk/o (white) are called combining forms which make it easier to attach to other word parts, and, make the word easier to pronounce.
A larger listing of Root Words, Prefixes and Suffixes are given in Appendix B and is included in this book to help the reader in further dissecting words and understanding them.
Common Prefixes
a/an = without, none Anemia贫血 (pin xue)
Hyper = more then normal Hypertension 高血压 (gao xue ya)
Hyperthermia 过高热 (guo gao re)
Hypo = less then normal Hypotension 血压过低 (Xue ya guo gao)
Hypothermia 降低体温 (jian de ti wen)
Normo = Normal Normotensive 正常血压的 (zhen chan xue ya de)
Brady = slow Bradycardia 心搏徐缓 (xin bo xu huan)
Tachy = fast Tachycardia心动过速 (xin dong guo su)
micro = small Microstomia (abnormally small mouth) 小口的 (xiao ko de) macro = large Macrostomia (abnormally large mouth) 颊横裂 (jia heng lie)
mega/ -megaly = enlarged Megacolon (abnormally large colon) 巨结肠 (ju jei chang)
Prefixes Showing Location
Endo = within Endoscopy 内窥镜检查法 (Nei Kui Jing Jian Cha Fa)
Peri = around Perianal (around the anus) 肛门周围的 (Gang Men Zhou Wei De)
Circum = around Circumcise (to cut around) 环切术 (Huan Qie Shu)
Retro = behind Retrosternal (behind the breastbone) 胸骨后的 (Xiong Gu Hou De)
Epi = upon, on top Epidermis (outermost layer of skin) 表皮 (Biao Pi)
Trans = through Transurethral (through the urinary duct) 经尿道的 (Jing Niao Dao De)
Intra = within Intravenous (inside the veins, e.g. IV fluids) 静脉内的(Jing Mai Nei De)
Sub = below Subclavian (below the clavicle or collar bone) 锁骨下的 (Suo Gu Xia De)
Prefixes Showing Color
Leuk/o = white Leukemia (Overabundance of white blood cells) 白血病 (Bai xue bing)
xanth/o = yellow Xanthoma (Yellow tumor) 黄瘤 (Huang liu)
cyan/o = blue Cyanosis (Blueness due to cold or no O2 in blood) 苍白病 (Cang bai bing)
melan/o = black Melanoma (Black tumor of the skin) 黑素瘤 (Hei su liu)
Common Word Roots
Stomato = Mouth Stomatitis口腔炎 (kou qiang yan)
Dento = Teeth Dentist牙科医生 (Ya ke ti sheng)
Glosso/Linguo = Tongue 舌头 (she tou) Glossitis 舌炎 (She yan),
Lingual nerve舌神经 (She shen jing)
Gingivo=Gums齿龈 (Chi yin) Gingivitis齿龈炎 (Chi yin yan)
Encephalo = Brain 脑 (nao) Encephalitis脑炎 (Nao yan)
Gastro = Stomach胃 (Wei) Gastritis胃炎 (Wei yan)
Entero = Intestine 腸 (Chang) Gastroenteritis肠胃炎 (Chang wei yan)
Colo = Large intestine大腸 Colitis大肠炎 (Da chang yan)
Megacolon巨结肠 (ju jie chang)
Procto = Anus肛门 (Gang men) Proctitis直肠炎 (Zhi chang yan),
Proctology直肠病学 (Zhi chang bing xue)
Hepato = Liver肝脏(Gan zang) Hepatitis肝脏炎 (Gan zang yan),
Hepatomegaly肝肿大 (Gan zhong da)
Nephro/Rene = Kidney腎(Shen) Nephrosis肾变病 (Shen bian bing), 肾病(Shen bing),
Renal artery肾脏的 动脉 (Shen zang de dong mai),
Orchido = Testis睾丸(Gao wan) Orchiditis 睾丸炎 (Gao wan yan)
Orchidectomy睾丸切除术(Gao wan qie chu shu)
Dermo = Skin 皮肤 (pi fu) Dermatitis 皮炎 (pi yan)
Masto/Mammo = Breast乳房 (ru fang) Mastectomy 乳房切除术 (ru fang qie chu shu)
Mammography 乳房X线照相术 (ru fang X xian zhao xiang shu)
Osteo = Bones 骨骼 (gu ge) Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 (gu zhi shu song zheng)
Cardio = Heart 心脏 (xin zang) Electrocardiogram (ECG) 心电图 (xin dian tu)
Rhino = Nose鼻子 (bi zi) Rhinitis鼻炎 (bi yan), 鼻粘膜炎 (bi nian mo yan)
Phlebo /Veno = Veins 静脉 (jin mai) Phlebitis静脉炎, (jing mai yan)
Phlebotomy 刺骼, 放血 (fang xue)
Phlebosclerosis 靜脈硬化 (jing mai ying hua)
Pneumo/Pulmo = Lung肺 (fei) Pneumonitis局限性肺炎 (ju xian xing fei yan)
Pulmonologist 肺科医生 (fei ke yi sheng)
Hemo/Emia = Blood 血 (xue) Anemia贫血, 贫血症 (pin xue, pin xue zheng)
Hematologist 血液学家 (xue ye xue jia)
Common Suffixes
-itis = Inflammation炎症 (yan zheng) Tonsillitis 扁桃腺炎 (bian tao xian yan)
Appendicitis 阑尾炎 (lan wei yan), 盲肠炎 (mang chang yan)
-osis = Abnormal 反常的 (fan chang de) Cyanosis 苍白病 (Cang bai bing)
-ectomy = to remove Appendectomy 阑尾切除术 (lan weiqie chu shu)
Tonsillectomy 扁桃腺切除术 (bian tao xian qie chu shu)
-otomy = to cut into Tracheotomy (cut into windpipe气管 (qi guan ))
气管切开术 (qi guan qie kai shu)
-ostomy = to make a mouth Colostomy 结肠造瘘术 (jie chang zhao lou shu)
-scopy/ -scopic = to look Colonoscopy结肠镜检查 (jie chang jing jian cha)
-graphy = recording an image Mammography 乳房X线照相术 (ru fang x zhao xiang shu)
-gram = image Mammogram 乳房X线照片 (ru fanf X xian zhao pian)
(X-ray) X光照片 (X guang zhao pian)
Appendix A Types of Physicians and other Medical Professionals
Appendix B Prefixes, Common Root words and Suffixes
Appendix C Common Medical Abreviations
Appendix D Medical Terms listed alphabetically
About the Authors
Appendix A
Names of Types of Physicians and other Medical Professionals
Cardiologist 心脏病学家 (xin zang bing xue jia)
Cardiovascular Surgeon 心血管外科医生 (xin xue guan wai ke yi sheng) 心脏血管医师 (xin zang xue guan yi shi)
Dentist 牙科医生 (Ya ke ti sheng)
Epidemiologist流行病学家 (liu xing bing xue jia) 流行病专家（liou xing bing zhuan jia ）流行病医师 (liu xing bing yi sheng)
Gastroenterologist 肠胃病学家 (chang wei bing xue jia)
Gynecologist 妇科医生 (fu ke yi sheng)
Hematologist 血液学家 (xue ye xue jia)
Internist 内科医生 (nei ke yi sheng) 实习医生 shi xi yi sheng
Nephrologist 肾病专家 (shen bing zhuan jia)
Neurologist 神经科专门医师 (shen jing ke zhuan men yi shi )
Neurosurgeon 神经外科医生 (shen jing wai ke yi sheng )
Obstetrician 产科医师 (chang ke yi shi)
Oncologist 肿瘤科医师 (zhong liu ke yi shi)
Orderly 勤务兵 (qin wu bing)
Orthopedist 整形外科医师 (zheng xing wai ke yi shi )
Osteopathic Physician 整骨医生 (zheng gu yi sheng)
Pathologist 病理学家 (bing li xue jia)
Plastic Surgeon 可塑的外科医生 (ke su de wai ke yi sheng) 整形外科医生 (xheng xing wai ke yi sheng)
Proctologist 直肠病学家 (zhi chang bing xue jia)
Psychiatrist 精神病学家 (jing shen bing xue jia)
Public Health Physician 公众的健康内科医生 (gong zhong de jian kang yi sheng) 公 共卫生医生 (gong gong wei sheng yi sheng)
Pulmonologist 肺科医生 (fei ke yi sheng )
Researcher 调查者 (diao cha zhe ) 学术研究员 (xue shu yan jiu yuan)
Rheumatologist 风湿病学家 (feng shi bing xue jia)
Surgeon 外科医师 (wai ke yi shi )
Urologist 泌尿科医师 (mi niao ke yi shi)
Physician Assistant 医生助手 (yi sheng zhu shou)
Midwife 助产士 (zhu chan shi，接生婆 (jie sheng po)
Nurse 护士 (hu shi)
Ordery 勤务兵 (qin wu bing)
Candystriper (volunteer) 糖尿病专家 (tang niao bing zhuan jia) 调查者 (diao cha yuan) 凝结型（ning jie xing）
Appendix B
Common Root Words, Prefixes and Suffixes
Common Root Words
annulus... little ring anser... goose acanth... spine, prickle
aceto... vinegar acou... hear acro... extremity, tip, sharp
actin... ray, beam acu... sharp, sudden adeno... gland
adipo... fat aero... air (a)esth... perception
agogue... leader agon... contest, struggle ala... wing
alb... white algo... pain alien... stranger, strange
allelo... one another, mutual amauros... blind am(o)eb... constantly changing
ambi/amph... both sides ambly... dim, faint amnio... amnion, "bowl"
amylo... starch andro... male angio... vessel (blood, bile)
ankyl... bent, anthem... flower anthrac... black
anthro... man / human aort... aorta aphro... froth, sexual love
aqu... water arachn... spider, spiderweb archo... ancient, beginning
argy... silver, shiny artero... artery arthro... joint
artic... little joint asthm... panting athero... gruel
atri... entry chamber axilla... armpit axo... center, axis
aud... hear aur... hear aus... hear
auto... self aux... make grow azo... nitrogen
bac(t)... rod ball... throw balano... acorn, glans
blast... sprout blenno... snot bleph... eyelid
bol... throw brachi... arm brady... slow
branch... gill bronch... bronchus bucc... cheek (inside)
burs... bursa, purse caes... cut deep c(h)ord... notochord
c(o)ele... rupture carpo... wrist calci... limestone
calco... heel, spur calyc... cup campy... bend
canc... crab capo... head, centr... center
carbo... charcoal, carbon carcin... crab carcinoma... epithelium cancer
card... heart, heart-shape carot... great neck arteries carpo... wrist
caus... burn centesis... puncture centr... center
cep(h)... expanded part cephal... head cept... seize, take
cereb(r)... brain cervic... neck ch(e)ir... hand
chemo... chemistry chlor... light green chol(e)... bile
chondr... cartilage; grain chorea... dance chori... chorionic membrane
chrom... color chron... time, long time chyle... digested food juice
cide... killing, "falling" cise... cut deep cili... eyelash
cion... uvula clast... break claustr... barrier
cleido... collarbone, key clino... bed clivus... slope
coagul... coagulate, clot coccus... berry coccyx... cuckoo, cuckoo bill
collic... hill collo... glue collus... neck
conios... dust cond... hard knob core... dolly, pupil (of eye)
cori... leather corn... horn cox(a)... hip
corp... physical body cre(s)c... grow cribi / cribri... sieve
crine... secretion cubit... elbow cubo... lay down
cule... little culpo... vagina cuneo... wedge
cutis... skin cyan... dark blue cycl... circle, wheel
cysto... urinary bladder cyto... cell dacr... tear (from the eye)
dacty... finger demos... people dens... tooth
dent... tooth derm... skin desm... harden, bind together
desis... binding desmo... hard dextro... right-sided
diadocho... take over didym... twin digi(t)... finger, toe
diphth... leathery membrane docho... cup, container drepan... sickle
dromo... running a race duc,...duct lead, guide dynia... pain
echin... spiny echo... echo ectasia... dilatation
edem(a)... excess tissue fluid embol... bottle stopper embryo... embryo, fetus
em(ia)... blood enceph... brain enchyme... filling, installation
entero... intestine ergo... work erythro... red
esthesia... perception f(a)eco... feces, refuse fac... make, build, do, perform
facie... face, countenance fasc... bundle, fascia fec... make, build, do, perform
fer... carrying, bearing fibr... fibrous fic... make, build, do, perform
fis,...fid split, cleave, divide flagel... whip flav... yellow
flat... blow flect... bend flex... bend
fora/foro... make a hole fornic... arch fract... break into pieces
frag... break into pieces fring... break into pieces fuge... flee
fun... melt, pour fus... melt, pour gala(k)... milk
gam(y)... marry gangl... knot gangr... gangrene,
galact... milk gastr... stomach, belly gemin... twin
gen... beget, produce genesis... origin genu... knee
ger... old age gest... bring forth, produce glans... acorn
gleno... shoulder gli(o)... glial cells, glue glob... sphere, ball, round body
glomer... tuft gloss... tongue glute... buttocks
gnatho... jaw gnosis... know gogue... lead
gono... product, seed, semen gonio... angle gracile... slender
gram... record gran... grain graph... writing, scratching
gryph... claw gynec... female (h)(a)em... blood
habeo... to hold, habit halluc... big toe helic... spiral
helm... worm hermaphro…male&female hepat... liver
hernia... rupture, hernia hidr... sweat hippo... horse
histo... tissue, web, cloth hy(a)l... glass, hydatid... water drop
hydro... water hypno... sleep hystero... uterus
iatric... healing iatro... physician ichth... fish
idio... self, personal, private inguin... groin to hip insul... island
irid... rainbow, ischi... hip joint islet... island
ject... throw, hurl jejun... hungry junc... join together
jug... join together jux... join together kera... horny
kerato... skin, cornea, horn kine... set in motion kyn... dog
lachry... tear (from the eye) labio... lip lacto... milk
lal... babble, talk latero... side lecith... egg yolk
leiomyo... smooth muscle lein... spleen lens... lentil
lepros... rough and rotting off lepto... thin, fine, slender leuco... white
levo... left-sided liga(t)... bind together ling... tongue
lith... stone lumbo... lower back, loin lumbri... earthworm
lumen... in a hollow organ lymph... clear water lysis... breaking down
malar... outside of cheek mal(i)... abnormal, bad malacia... soft
malako... soft medi... middle portion medulla... soft inner part
meli... sweet malleo... hammer mere... part
manu... hand mara... wither mast(i)... whip, flog, beat
mast(o)... breast mea... passage meatus... external opening
meios... lessening melano... black melia... limb
mening... meninges men(i)s... moon, month ment... mind, chin
meter... measure metro... uterus mito... thread
mnem... memory mnes... memory mob... move
morb... sick morph... shapes, dreams mot... move
mur(al)... wall musc... mouse, muscle myc(o)... fungus
myelo... soft, pith myi... fly (insect) myo... muscle
myxo/muco... slime narco... sleep naso... nose
necro... dead nephelo... cloud nephr... kidney
nerv... nerve neuro... nerve nos,...nox nasty, sickening
nous... mind, spirit nyct... night occiput... back of the head
ocul... eye (h)odo... way, path, road odon... tooth
odyn... pain olfact... smell oma... tumor/lump
omen(t)... omentum omphalo... belly button on(e/t)... to be
onco... tumor, mass onycho... nail (finger/toe) oo... egg
oophor... ovary op... eye, see, etc. ophth... eye
opio... poppy juice opsi... late opson... relish, meat seasoning
orbi... wheel orch... testis org... work
oro... mouth ortho... straight os... bone, mouth
osm... smell ost(eo)... bone ot(o)... ear
ovin... sheep oxy... oxygen, acid p(a)ed... child
palpebr... eyelid pap... nipple par(i)t... have a baby
parietal... wall partheno... virgin partum... birth
patho... disease, misery pect... chest pelvis... basin
pes/ped... foot phage... eat phakos... lentil, lens of the eye
pharmako... sorcery, drug phase... phase pheo... ugly, dusky
phero... carry, bear philo... like, love phlebo... vein
phleg... flame phoco... seal (the animal) phoro... carry, bear
phos/phot... light phragm... divide into two phren... mind, breath
phth... waste away, wither phyllo... leaf-like physio... nature
phyte... a plant pineo... pine cone pinna... feather
pino... drink pisi... pea pituit... snot
placent... cake, placenta plak... cake plantar... sole of the foot
plasm... molded plast... molded platy... flat
plegia... stroke, paralysis pleur... side of ribs plex... braid, wind together
plexy... stroke plic... braid, wind together pn(e)... breath
pod(o)... foot poie(sis)... making polio... gray;
pollic... thumb pomp... precede, parade porph... purple
porta... door posthe... foreskin prac... done
prag... done prax... done pre/pro... before
procto... rectum pron(o)... prone, face down proto... first
pseud... false psyche... spirit, mind psychr... cold, frigid
pter... wing pto... droop pty(alo)... spit
pulmo... lung punct... prick, little spot pupa... doll, miniature figure
purp... purple pyelo... vat, basin, pelvis pykno... shrivelled
pyo... pus p(u/y)ri... pear pyr(o)... fever (cognate to "fire")
radi... rod r(h)ach... backbone re(i)n... kidney
ret(ic)... net rhabdo... striated muscle rhaph... sew together
rheo... flow rheum... runny stuff rhino... nose
riso... smile rrha(g)... discharge rub(r)... red
sacc... sack sacch(ar)... sugar salpinx... trumpet, oviduct
sang(ui)... blood sapro... dead sarc(o)... flesh
sarcoma...flesh tumor scato... feces, filth scapho... boat
schi(s/z)... split sclero... hard scope... examine carefully
sebo... hard fat, skin grease sec/seg... cut sella... saddle
seps/sept... make rotten septo... fence, partition sero... whey, wet protein
sial... saliva sinus... hollow or pocket skel... dried up, skeleton
soma/somy... body spasmo... a drawing tight spondylo... spine
sphinct... squeeze shut sphygno... heartbeat spir... breathing
splanchn... innards staphyl... bunch of grapes stasis... being stable
stat... stop statio... standing up staxis... drip, drop
stem... holding up steato... fat sterco... feces
sthen... strength stigm... spot stole... to pull, to draw
stom(a)... mouth stomy... mouth strepto... wavy
stylo... stylus sudo... sweat sulco... plowed furrow
syring... pipe, tube, reed tachy... fast, swift tact... touch
tainia... band, tapeworm talo... ankle tasis... stretch
tarso... flat plate taxo... arrangement telo... the tip, the end
temporal... temple ten(d)o... stretch, tendon terato... monster
theca... sheath, covering thel... breast thenar... palm, sole
thym... mind, spirit, mood thym... thymus gland thyro... oblong shield
toco... have a baby tom(e)... cut tono... stretch
topo... place tort... twist tox(o)... arrow, poisoned arrow
trema... hole tricho... hair trophy... grow/food
tryps... break into pieces tuber... bump, potato(e) typho... smoky, delirious fever
typhl... cecum unguis... nail (finger, toe) uro... urine
uvo... grape vacc... cow vago... wanderer
valgus... turned outward varus... turned inward vaso... blood vessel
velo... veil, curtain, cover vener... sexual acts, lusty veno... vein
vert... turn vesico... bladder viscero... innards
volv... turn or twist around xantho... yellow xeno... stranger
xero... dry z(a)o... to live zoo;... animals
zema... boiled zygo... yoke zyme... ferment
PREFIXES
a(d)-... towards a(n)-... without ab-... from
ab(s)-... away from ad-... towards allo-... other, another
ambi-... both amphi-... on both sides, ana-... up to, back, again,
aniso-... different, unequal ante-... before, forwards anti-... against, opposite
ap-, apo-... from, again bi(s)-... twice, double bio-... life
brachy-... short cata-... down circum-... around
con-... together contra-... against cyte-... cell
de-... away from, down from deca-... ten di(s)-... two
dia-... through, complete di(a)s... separation diplo-... double
dolicho-... long dur-... hard, firm dys-... bad, abnormal
e-, ec-... out, from out of ecto-... outside, external ek-... out
em-... in en-... into endo-... into
ent-... within epi-... on, up, against, high eso-... I will carry
eu-...abundant, prosperous eury-... broad, wide ex-, exo-... out, from out of
extra-... outside, in addition haplo-... single hapto-... bind to
hemi-... half hept-... seven hetero-... different
hex-... six homo-... same hyper-... above, excessive
hypo-... below, deficient im-, in-... not in-... into, to
infra-... below, underneath inter-... among, between intra-... within, inside, during
intro-... inward, during iso-... equal,same juxta-... adjacent to
kata-... down, down from macro-... large magno-... large
medi-... middle mega-... large megalo-... very large
meso-... middle meta-... beyond, between micro-... small
neo-... new non-... not ob-... before, against
octa-... eight octo-... eight oligo-... few
pachy-... thick pan-... all para-... beside, wrong
pent-... five per-... by, through peri-... around, round-about
pleo-... more than usual poly... many post-... behind, after
pre-... before, in front, very pros-... besides prox-... besides
pseudo-... false, fake quar(t)-... four re, red-... back, again
retro-... backwards, behind semi-... half sex-... six
sept-... seven sub-... under, beneath super-... above, in addition
supra-... above syn-... together, with sys-... together, with
tetra-... four thio-... sulfur trans-... across, beyond
tri-... three uni-... one ultra-... beyond, besides
SUFFIXES
-ase... fermenter -ate... do -cide... killer
-c(o)ele... cavity, hollow -ectomy... removal, cut out -form... shaped like
-ia... got -iasis... full of -ile... little version
-illa... little version -illus... little version -in... stuff
-ism... characteristic of -itis... inflammation -ity...quality (becomes noun)
-ium... thing -ize... do -logy... study of
-megaly... large -noid... mind, spirit -oid... resembling, image of
-ogen... precursor -ol(e)... alcohol -ole... little version
-oma... tumor (usually) -osis... full of -ostomy... "mouth-cut"
-pathy... disease, suffering -penia... lack -pexy... fix in place
-plasty... re-shaping -philia... affection for -rhage... burst out
-rhea... flowing out -rhexis... shredding -pagus... Siamese twins
-thrix... hair -tomy... cut -ule... little version
Appendix C
Common Medical Abreviations缩写 (suo xie)
Sometimes English abbreviations will have a period (.) between each letter and sometimes not. An example of this is that Electroencephalogram which is abbreviated as E. E.G. or can be written as EEG, which is without the periods. This listing, to prevent confusion, has eliminitated all the periods.
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) 促腎上腺皮質激素
ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone) 抗利尿激素
AIDS (acquired immune deficieny syndrome) 後天免疫力缺乏症（愛滋病）
Anti-HCV (Hepatitis C Virus Antibody) 丙型肝炎抗體
ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) 成人呼吸窘迫綜合症
bid (bis in die, twice a day) 每天兩次
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) 卡介苗
BMR (basal metabolic rate) 基礎代謝率
BPD (Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia) 支氣管肺異常
CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanner電腦掃描機
CCU (Cardiac Care Unit) 心臟深切治療室；心臟病護理部 心臟病加護病房
CDC (Center for Disease Control) 疾病控制中心
cDNA (complementary DNA) 互補 DNA; 反向轉錄 DNA
CHD (coronary heart diseases) 冠狀動脈性心臟病
CPCR (cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation) 心肺腦複蘇
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) 心肺復蘇法
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) 脑脊髓的 (nao ji sui de)
CTEV (Congenital talipes equinovarus); club foot先天性馬蹄內翻足(畸形足)
DM [MD] (Doctor of Medicine) 醫學博士
DMJ Path (Diploma in Medical Jurisprudence in Pathology) 法醫病理學文憑
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 去氧核糖核酸; 脫氧核糖核酸
DSc PH (Doctor of Science in Public Health) 公共衛生科博士
DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) 深靜脈栓塞症
EEG (Electroencephalography) 腦電波室
ESR (Westergren) 紅血球沉降率
ECG (electrocardiogram) 心電圖 (xin dian tu)
EKG (electrokardiogram European spelling) 心電圖 (xin dian tu)
E. Coli (Escherichia coli) 大腸桿菌(da chang jan jun), 大腸埃希氏菌 (da chang si xi shi jun)
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 食品及藥物管理局 (shi pin ji yao wu guan li ju)
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) 熒光原位雜交 (ying juang yuan wei za jiao)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) 促卵泡激素 (cu luan pao ji su)
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) 胃食管返流疾病 (wei shi guan fan liu ji bing)
GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer) 輸卵管內配子移植 (shu luan guan nei pei zi yi zhi)
Hb (Hemoglobin) 血紅素 (xue hong su) 血紅蛋白 (xue hong dan bai)
HbF (Fetal haemoglobin) 胎兒血紅蛋白 ()
HBV CA (Hepatitis B Core Antibody (IgM) 乙型肝炎核心抗體 (急性) ()
HAV IgM (Hepatitis A Virus Antibody IgM) 甲型肝炎抗體 (急性) ()
Hib (hemophilus influenza type b) 乙型流感嗜血桿菌 ()
HUS (Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome) 溶血性尿毒症 ()
ICD (International Classification of Diseases) 國際病症分類系統編碼 ()
ICU (Intensive Care Unit) 深切治療部 ()
IDK (internal derangement of the knee) 膝內障 ()
Ig (immunoglobulin) 免疫球蛋白 ()
ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) 特發性血小板減少性紫癜 ()
IU (International unit) 國際單位 ()
IUCD (intrauterine contraceptive device) 介指形子宮環 ()
IUCD (intrauterine contraceptive device) (loop) 環型子宮環；「樂普」子宮環 ()
IUD (intrauterine device) 介指形子宮環 ()
IV (Intravenous Fluids) 静脉血 (jing mai xue)
IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram) 靜脈 ()
K (potassium) 鉀 ()
kg (kilogram) 千克 ()
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) 黃體生成激素 ()
LP (Lumbar puncture) 腰椎穿刺 (yao zhui chuan ci)
MD (Doctor of Medicine) 社會醫學博士 ()
MD (Doctor of Medicine) 醫學博士 ()
MDMA（Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Ecstasy）狂喜 (); 搖頭丸 (); 快樂丸 ()
MDS (Master of Dental Surgery) 牙醫碩士 ()
MDS (myelodysplasia syndrome) 骨髓異常增生綜合症 ()
MF (myelofibrosis) 骨髓纖維化 ()
MI (Myocardial infarction) 心肌梗塞 (xin ji geng se)
mRNA (messenger RNA) 信使核糖核酸 (); 信息核糖核酸 () 信使RNA ()
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) 促黑激素; 促黑素細胞激素 ()
MVP (Mitral Valve Prolapse) 僧帽瓣脫落 (seng mai ban tou luo),
Na (Sodium) 鈉 ()
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) 美置國家職業安全與 衛生研究所 ()
NPC (nasopharyngeal cancer) 鼻咽癌
NPC (Niemann-Pick disease, type C) 尼曼-皮克病
PSA. (Prostatic Specific Antigen) (Total) 總前列腺癌抗原 (Total) (zong qian lie xian ai kan yuan)
qh (quaque hora) 每小時 (mei xiao shi)
ql (quantum libet) 量如所願 (liang ru suo yuan)
qs (quantum sufficiat) 盡足量 (jin zu tiang)
qid (four times a day) 每天四次 (mei tian si ci)
RBC (Erythrocyte) 紅血球 (hong xue qiu)
RNA (ribonucleic acid) 核糖核酸 (he tang he suan)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) 核糖體 RNA (he tang ti RNA)
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) 全身紅斑性狼瘡 (quan shen hong ban xing lang chuang)
STD (sexually Transmitted disease) 性病 (xing bing) 花柳病 (hua lin bing)
TMJ / TMD (Temporomandibular Joint / Disease) 顳頜功能障礙 (nie he gong neng zhang ai)
tRNA (transfer RNA) 轉移 RNA (zhuang yi RNA)
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormine) 催甲狀腺激素 (lui jia zhuang xian ji su)
VD (venereal disease) 性病 (xing bing) 花柳病 (hua lin bing)
VDRL (venereal disease reseach laboratory) test 性病血清試驗 (xin bing xue qing shi yan)
VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus) 抗萬古霉素腸球菌 (kan wan ju mei su chang qiu jun)
VZV (varicella-zoster vaccine) 水痘-帶狀皰疹疫苗 (shui dou – dai zhung pao zhen yi miao)
WBC (Leucocyte) 白血球 (bai xue qiu)
WHO (World Health Organization) 世界衛生組織 (shi jie mwi sheng zu zhi)
μ (micron) 微米 (wei me)
5FU (5-fluorouraci) 无-氟尿嘧啶 (wu - fu niao mi ding),
OBGYN (Obstetrics Gynecology) 产科学（chan ke xue）妇科医学（fu ke yi xue）
CF (Cystic fibrosis) 囊肿性纤维化 (nang zhong xing qian wei hua) 属遗传性胰腺病 (shu yi chuan xing yi xian bing)
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
DO (Doctor of Osteopathy / Osteopathic Physician) 整骨疗法的 (zheng gu liao fa de) 整骨医生 (zheng gu yi sheng)
OB (Obstetrician) 产科医师 (chan ke yi shi)
EMG (Electromyography) 肌电图学 (ji dian tu xue )
GYN (Gynecologist) 妇科医生 (fu ke yi sheng)
CPD (Cephalopelvic Disproportion) 頭盆不稱 (tou peng bu chen)
CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) 脑血管意外 (nao xue guan yi wai)
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) 多发性硬化 (duo fa xing ying hua)
TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) 短暂袭击 (duan zan xi ji )
EEG (Electroencephalography) 脑电图学 (nao dian tu xue), 脑电描记法 (nao dian miao ji fa)
CT (Computed Tomography) 计算机断层扫描图 (ji suan ji duan ceng sao miao tu)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) 磁共振 (ci gong zhen), 核磁共振成像 (he ci gong zhen cheng xiang)
LP (Lumbar Puncture) 腰椎穿刺 (yao zhui chuan ci)
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) 胃食管返流疾病 (wei shi guan fan liu ji bing)
GI
US (Ultrasound) 超声波扫描术 (chao sheng bo sao miao shu)
CF (Cystic Fibrosis) 囊肿性纤维化 (nang zhong xing qian wei hua)
属遗传性胰腺病 (shu yi chuan xing yi xian bing)
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram) 静脉注射肾盂造影图 (jing mai zhu she sheng yu zao ying tu)
VCUG (Voiding Cystourethrogram) 排泄性膀胱尿道造影照片 (pai xie xing pang guang naio dao zao ying zhao pian)
BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy) 良性前列腺肥大 (liang xing qian lie xian fei da)
TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate)
经尿道切除(前列腺) (jin niao dao qie chu),经尿道(前列腺)切除术 (jing niao dao qie chu shu)
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)
前列腺特异性抗原 (qian lie xian te yi xing kang yuan),前列腺特异抗原( qian lie xian te yi kang yuan)
OB (Obstetrician) 产科医师 (chan ke yi shi)
GYN (Gynecologist) 妇科医生 (fu ke yi sheng)
PID (Pelvic inflammatory disease) 盆腔炎 (pen qiang yan)
D &C (Dilatation and Curettage)
扩张 (kuo zhang) , 扩张术 (kuo zhang shu) 刮除术 (gua chu shu)
CPD (Cephalopelvic Disproportion) 頭盆不稱 (tou peng bu chen)
CS (Cesarean Section)
RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) 风湿性关节炎 (feng shi xing guan jie yan).
EMG (Electromyography) 肌电图学 (ji dian tu xue )
Appendix D
Medical Terms listed alphabetically
Dermatology皮膚科 ()
Percutaneous 經皮的
Anhydrosis 汗閉 ()
Anhydrosis 汗閉 ()
Anhydrosis 汗閉 ()
Fat Lipoma脂肪瘤 ()
Androgenic alopecia 雄性脱毛症 (xiong xing tuo mao zheng)
About the Authors
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