Writing Model------整理---汇
[font=宋体][b]要下载doc版全文，请到“鸭绿江药学科研交流群”QQ群共享[/b][/font][font=宋体][/font]
[font=宋体]第一句话[/font][font=Times New Roman]:
[/font][font=宋体]讲一下你这篇文章的研究意义（但是有的杂志不需要这句话）[/font]
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[font=宋体]目的[/font][font=Times New Roman](purpose)
(1) To eluicdatie the mechanism of xxx, we examined whether [/font][font=宋体]…[/font][font=Times New Roman].[/font]
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(2) To investigate the mechanism of xxx,we examined whetehr ….[/font]
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(3) The purpose of this study is ….[/font]
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(4) In order to ….[/font]
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(5) This paper describes ….[/font]
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(6) To examine….[/font]
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(7) To determine ….[/font]
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(8) To study ….[/font]
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(9) To report….[/font]
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(10) To review….[/font]
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[font=宋体]第三句话：[/font][font=Times New Roman]
.... was carried out .... with ...treatment. [/font][font=宋体]讲述你研究的内容，研究的方法，[/font]
[font=宋体]第四句话：[/font][font=Times New Roman]
The result showed that ......, [/font][font=宋体]讲述你这样研究得出的主要研究结果。[/font]
[font=宋体]第五句话：[/font][font=Times New Roman]
The result of the present work implied that... [/font][font=宋体]讲述由你的研究结果得出的结论。[/font]
[font=宋体]结果[/font][font=Times New Roman](result)
(1) We found that[/font][font=宋体]…[/font][font=Times New Roman].[/font]
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(2)Our results indicate that….[/font]
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(3) The results show that….[/font]
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(4) The results demonstrated that….[/font]
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(5) The results reveal that….[/font]
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(6) It was shown that ….[/font]
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(7) It can be seen that ….[/font]
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(8) It was found that ….[/font]
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(9) It was discovered that ….[/font]
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(10) It was concluded that ….[/font]
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(11) It has been demonstrated that ….[/font]
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(12) It was clarified that ….[/font]
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(13) It was revealed that ….[/font]
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(14) It is considered that ….[/font]
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(15) It was confirmed that ….[/font]
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(16) It is suggested that ….[/font]
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(17) It was supposed that ….[/font]
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(18) It has become apparent that ….[/font]
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[[i] 本帖最后由 kl128 于 2008-4-5 12:59 编辑 [/i]] 讨论部分
(1) There are other possible explanations.
(2) We have demonstrated that ….
(3) Our results indicate that ….
(4) The experiments show that ….
(5) This method could be used to ….
(6) These data suggest that….
(7) Our data leave open the question of whether ….
(8) One possibility is that …. Alternatively, ….
(9) It is possible that …. xxx is substantially more difficult than …. GPU programming, even on modern GPUs, is
substantially more difficult than developing multithreaded applications suitable for execution onmulticore CPUs such as the Intel Core2Duo or AMD Opteron.
To overcome this problem(…transfers cost), (1)To overcome host to GPU and GPU to host transfer
costs in the earlier experiments, the GPU was actually exhibiting
remarkable speedups.
(2)To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors with
targeted MLV envelopes.
…play an important role in …. (1) Molecular symmetry of polymer chains also plays an important role in determining Tg and Tm.
(2)This paper investigates the role that Graphics Processing Units(GPUs) can play in enhancing the performance of digital forensics tools.
(3) We argue in this paper that new, multithreaded designs should also consider the role that GPUs can play.
…in terms of …(根据按照，就…而言，用…衡量或表示；用…的措辞） (1)…,to perform
non-graphical calculations required techniques that recast
data as textures or geometric primitives and expressed the
calculations in terms of available graphics operations.
（２）distances expressed in terms of kilometers as well as miles; 用…表示
(3) cheap entertainment, but costly in terms of time wasted 就…来说
(4)facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships, instead of evolving haphazardly.按照其内在的关系来营造设施以防止其产生灾难性的进展
result in…(导致，终于造成…结果) (1)Acting before thinking always results in failure. 做事不先考虑总会导致失败
(2)The accident resulted in the death of two people. 这场意外事故造成两人死亡
(3)This results in long turnaround times for critical cases. 这导致关键案件的长的周转时间 (4) Each node was equipped with an NVIDA Geforce FX 5800 Ultra, resulting in 4.6 times speedup over their CPU cluster implementation.
(5)Requests to a single bank are serialized, resulting in reduced memory bandwidth.
(6) The most important performance constraints are maximizing use of shared memory, limiting access to global memory as much as possible, and keeping threads within a warp in "lockstep", since violations of the SIMD execution model result in thread serialization.l
(7)Offloading processing to the GPU and using only a single host thread results in an execution time of 5185s.
(8) For both disk images, multithreading results in substantially better performance than the sequential version of the file carver.
One is very careful attention to ….(其中仔细注意的方法之一是) (1) One is very careful attention to the design of digital forensics tools, to minimize disk accesses and data copying.
…pay (critical) attention to …. (1) Some of the possible means include paying critical attention to designing the most efficient software possible, developing software that can take advantage of modern multicope CPUs, using distributed processing, and as demonstrated in this paper, considering the use of commodity GPUs to speed appropriate computation.
(2) Memory hierarchy can be complex, with several types of memory of differing access granularity, speed, and size requiring strict attention to memory allocation details. …in the balance ….(悬而未决；紧要关头处于未确定的或经常是关键性的位置) (1) Our plans were left hanging in the balance. 我们的计划被搁置下来处于悬而未决的状态
(2) Resolution of these matters is still in the balance. 这些事情的结果尚未可知
(3)In some cases, lives, economic prosperity and freedom may hang in the balance.
… take into account … (考虑，顾及) (1)Design must also take into account the trend to use
lower clock speeds and multiple compute cores in modern
CPUs.
… lead to … 导致，导向 (1) The tremendous increase in power in today's GPUs have led to a need for ways to utilize them for non-graphics applications.
(2) On the downside, the prevailing GPU architecture and other GPU implementation details lead directly to several difficulties when doing general purpose programming.
(3) The degree to which a more complex algorithm will lead to performance gains in light of potentially increased thread divergence is still an open question. 根据潜在增加的线程的分散度，一个比较复杂的算法将在多大程度上导致性能增益，仍然是一个未决的问题。
(4) a remark that led to further discussion 导出进一步讨论的一句话
(5) policies that led to disaster 导致灾难的政策
To combat these constraints, algorithms have to be re-engineered to exploit …. (1) To combat these constraints, algorithms have to be re-engineered to exploit parallelism. 为了战胜这些约束条件，必须利用并行机制来重新设计算法。
To test the ability of …, we modified …. (1) To test ghe ability of current generation GPUs to speed digital forensics operations, we modified the file carver Scalpel(Richard and Roussev, 2005) to support multithreaded operation.
…,namely, ….(即，也就是) (1) This performance comes at a price, namely, increased programming effort. 这种性能伴随着很高的代价，即增加了编程的努力。
(2)in this paper, we illustrated that at least one type of operation common to many types of digital forensics software, namely, binary string searches, can be sped up substantially by offloading work to a GPU.
To measure the performance of …, …. (1) To measure the performance of GPU-enhanced file carving, we ran carving operations on 20 GB and 100 GB disk images using a set of 30 carving rules. 为了测试增强GPU文件雕刻的性能指标，我们使用一个30个规则集的雕刻规则在20GB和100GB的磁盘映像上运行文件雕刻。
… present ….展示结果. (1) The results for the 20GB disk image are presented in Table 1. 20GB磁盘映像的结果在表１中出示。
(2) Table 2 presents the results for the 100 GB disk image. 表２显示的是100ＧＢ磁盘映像的结果。 (3) Table 4 presents results for processing the 100GB disk image on the Core2Duo machine.
(4) Table 5 presents results for a 500GB disk image for which only two file types(GIF and JPEG) were carved.
… conduct ….进行实验 (1) we now very briefly discuss the CUDA SDK, used to conduct our GPU experiments.
(2) To address this issue we conducted our experiments on both a relatively expensive workstation, with two multicore processors and a GPU, as well as a more modest workstation, with a single dual core processor and the same GPU.
(3) The first set of experiments was conducted on a Sun Ultra 40 with dual AMD Operon 2218 processors, each running at 2.6GHz.
(4) All of the experiments on this computer were conducted under Linux, running a 32-bit 2.6-series SMP kernel and the ext3 filesystem.
(5) The second set of experiments was conducted on a Dell XPS 710 with a single Core2Duo processor running at 2.6GHz.
(6) We also conducted a number of experiments that used only a small number of carving rules.
Our experiments reveal that … is a viable method for substantially increasing the performance of …. (1) Our experiments reveal that incorporating GPU support is a viable method for substantially increasing the performance of digital forensics software that relies on binary string searches.
There are several factors in our current work that are limiting …. (1) There are several factors in our current work that are limiting GPU performance.
make clear(解释） (1) Our primary purpose in writing this paper is to make it clear that it is worth the effort to develop GPU-aware digital forensics software. 我们写这篇论文的目的在于清楚地解释：开发基于GPU的数字取证软件是值得的。
Transitions When being used mean Frenquency repeatedly or consecutively how
the meaning of the transition fits the meaning of the sentence
urthermore when the meaning continues on as
expected 而且，此外 1 While the 8800GTX used in our experiments is still relatively expensive, it will very soon be a commodity graphics card. Furthermore, future GPU designs, will offer even more computational power.
in addtion 另外，此外 2 consecutively (1)To combat these constraints,
algorithms have to be re-engineered to exploit parallelism.In addition, the memory hierarchy can be complex, with several
types of memory of differing access granularity, speed,and size requiring strict attention to memory allocation details.(2)In addition, cutting edge tools are offering more sophisticated analysis, in an effort to reduce manual investigative techniques.
first, second, third, etc. (archaic: firstly, secondly, thirdly etc.) 作者要阐述几个要点或者多个要点时，应用这种结构。 首先，其次，…,最后 2 consecutively (1) There are several factors in our current work that are limiting GPU performance. ….(2)Treating file carving as a "typical" digital forensics technique makes sense because many common issues arise. First,…. …. (3) Several efforts related to the research presented in this paper are underway. First, .... .... finally 作者阐述的几点内容中的最后一点内容，即在最后一点内容之前使用finally. 最后 6 consecutively
lastly 最后，终于 0 (1) Lastly, I must point out that ….(2) Lastly, I must say I owe all the achievements to the encouragement and help from my collegues and friends.
moreover 而且，此外 0 (1) I don't like skating, moreover, the ice is too thin.(2) The price is too high, and moreover, the house isn't in a suitable position.
incidentally 附带地，顺便地 0 (1) I must go now. Incidentally, if you want that book I'll bring it next time. (2) Incidentally, your proposal has been put to the discussion at the meeting.
in fact 事实上 0 (1) She doesn't like him much-in fact I think she hates him!(2) I said it was Tuesday, but in fact it was Monday.
in truth 实际上，的确 0
as a matter of fact 实际上，的确 0
for example 需要对前面一句话进行解释或者说明的时候，可以用该短语进行举例子加以说明。 比如 2 consecutively (1) You can buy fruit here- organges and bananas, for example.(2) The government has reduced spending in several areas, for example in the construction of highways.
such as 比如 7 consecutively (1) This realization is that "manual" investigative methods, such as searching for child pornography by viewing thumbnails or listening to every audio file on a drive, are completely impractical when terabytes of data must be processed.
next 接下去 1
then 当需要表示在“时间，空间，或顺序上接着”的时候，用该词。 然后，之后，后来 6 consecutively (1) watched the late movie and then went to bed.
afterward 在句子中，一般用在ｔｈｅｎ之后 然后，后来 0 (1) We saw the film and afterwards walked home together.(2) Soon afterwards , the balloon began to descend and it landed near an airfield. 介绍目的的常用动词 研究 study
investigate
examine
observe
explore
评价 evaluate
validate
确定 determine
decide
confirm
support
define
characterize
证实 prove
demonstrate
document
test
support
testify
verify
阐明，搞清 explain
elucidate
clarify
illustrate
delineate
find out
contribute to the knowledge of
介绍 describe
present
report
建立 establish
develop
set out
寻找 search for
look for
seek
find
识别、区分 identify
differentiate
discriminate
优选 optimize
比较 compare
回顾 review
相关 correlate A with B 动词时态 例子
简要介绍研究背景 一般现在时 Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) is a thermally sensitive polymeric material. PNIPA
hydrogel has been widely used in many fields.
叙述做了哪方面的研究 根据具体内容通常用一般过去时被动态；根据具体内容有时要用一般现在时或其它；也有少部分用主动态 （１）Poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) was synthesized by diethylzinc-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate. The polymer was characterized by measurement of its thermal and mechanical properties, permeability, and susceptibility to hydrolytic chain scission in vitro and in vivo.（２）…In addition to the initiator, reaction time, temperature, and monomer/initiator (M/I) ratio were varied.（３）Reactivities of six-membered cyclic carbonates were studied and a carbonate-modified acrylic polymer was synthesized, which was expected to show good water resistance.（４）The effect of polymer chemistry on adhesion, proliferation, and morphology of human articularcartilage (HAC) was evaluated.（５）In order to study the degradation mechanism of these polycarbonates in more detail, a series of small model compounds were designed that mimic the repeat unit of the polymer.（６）Tyrosine-PEG derived poly(ether carbonate)s were prepared by condensation copolymerization with phosgene. …Chemical structure a
Introduction（重要性、现状、不足、本文方法和假设）
研究目标 This paper investigates .... Traditionally,…. 结果 The size of the targets that digital forensics investigators
must process continues to grow and the current generation
of digital forensics tools is already struggling to deal with even modest-sized targets. In addition, cutting edge tools are offering more sophisticated analysis, in an effort to reduce manual investigative techniques. This means that
the computational resources of a single workstation are
severely strained. As a result, digital forensics researchers
must use every means available to increase the performance
of their tools. Some of the possible means include
paying critical attention to designing the most efficient software possible, developing software that can take advantage of modern multicore CPUs (through multithreading), using
distributed processing, and as demonstrated in this paper,
considering the use of commodity GPUs to speed appropriate
computation.
研究目标 The goals of the experiments described in this paper included
measuring the effectiveness of offloading processing common to digital forensics tools to a GPU and, even more importantly,
comparing the resulting performance improvement with that attainable by using simple threading techniques on
multicore CPUs. GPU programming, even on modern GPUs, is substantially more difficult than developing multithreaded applications suitable for execution onmulticore CPUs such as the Intel Core2Duo or AMD Opteron. The question is whether this additional effort is worth it. Our results suggest that the answer is yes. 简述研究内容，强调研究结果 In this paper, we illustrated that at least one type of operation common to many types of digital forensics software,
namely, binary string searches, can be sped up substantially
by offloading work to a GPU. While the 8800GTX used in our
experiments is still relatively expensive, it will very soon be
a commodity graphics card. Furthermore, future GPU designs,
also based on general purpose stream processors, will offer
even more computational power. Our primary purpose in
writing this paper is to make it clear that it is worth the effort to develop GPU-aware digital forensics software.
数字取证趋势 Several trends in digital forensics make the availability of more processing power to support investigations an urgent need. The first is a vast increase in t.... This results in ... and .... Another trend is the increasing sophistication of ... tools. Finally, the number of .. cases is rising for a number of reasons, including better awareness of digital forensics techniques in law enforcement and in the private sector. Future Work Several efforts related to the research presented in this paper are underway. First, experimental results indicate that
the data transfer to and from the host is a significant bottleneck and we are implementing a compression scheme
for data streaming into and out of the GPU to address
this issue.
改善数字取证工具性能的方法 Currently, most digital forensics tools run on a single workstation. For very large cases, only distributed computing (e.g., using a system like DELV, Roussev and Richard, 2004) will offer enough processing power. But the performance of tools running on individual workstations can be increased substantially, through a number of means. One is very careful attention to the design of digital forensics tools, to minimize disk accesses and data copying. Unlike commodity applications like word processors, where the ever-increasing computational power of modern CPUs can hide sloppy programming or the excessive use of expensive abstractions, digital forensics software must execute as quickly (and accurately) as possible.In some cases, lives, economic prosperity, or freedom may hang in the balance. Future Work Second, since workstations will increasingly have both
(several) multicore CPUs and (potentially several) powerful
GPUs, we are developing adaptive multithreading schemes
that allow threads to execute on both the host CPU(s) and
the GPU(s) in parallel. By executing I/O-bound and CPU-bound
threads on the host CPU(s) and appropriate CPU-bound
threads on the GPU, it will be possible to hide host to GPU
data transfer and disk overhead. 研究思路 Design must also take into account the trend to use lower clock speeds and multiple compute cores in modern CPUs. Many current generation tools are single-threaded
and without modification will be unable to take advantage of modern hardware, including multicore processors. We argue in this paper that new, multithreaded designs should also consider the role that GPUs can play. GPUs excel at single instruction, multiple data (SIMD)computations and examples of these kinds of calculations definitely appear in the tools we develop in the digital forensics research community. Future Work Finally, we are also investigating alternative binary string
search algorithms for the GPU. The degree to which a more complex algorithm will lead to performance gains in light of potentially increased thread divergence is still an open question.
前言部分用语
(1) The purpose of this study is ….
(2) It is estimated that ….
(3) There is a need for ….
(4) At present, little is known about ….
(5) Recent studies have focused on ….
(6) In this paper, we will establish ….
(7) Previous studies have revealed ….
(8) To test whether …, we ….
(9) We test the hypothesis that ….
How when
Brugioni (1999) realizes that image forgery is a long-existed
problem that goes back to the birth of photography. He describes
various traditional forgery techniques in different
fields: political campaign, delivering false military information,
falsifying proofs in lawsuit cases, and UFO and ghost pictures.
He also includes several methods for spotting those
fakery: examining lights and shadows, perspective, depth of
field, discontinuous lines, and physically impossible contents
of the scene.
As digital imaging becomes a dominant way of recording
and preserving photos, previous image synthesis techniques
also became rapidly available in the digital domain. Thus to
general users, as a side effect, we see significant problems
arising in different areas that have not seen the problem
before; academia is one of them (Wade, 2006). In spite of their
willingness to adopt forgery detection techniques, the problem
mainly remains unsolved and depends largely on the
author’s integrity.
A handful of researchers suggested signal-processing
based techniques that can solve some of these problems.
Popescu and Farid (2005) detect image resampling, which occurs
when the original picture is resized, rotated, or stretched.
Expectation–maximization algorithm finds correlation between
neighboring image pixels introduced by resampling.
Finding repetition in image segments is a useful technique
to identify copy–paste image manipulation (Wade, 2006). The
previous approaches exhaustively match the suspected image
block against the divided blocks of the entire image. Discrete
Cosine Transform (Popescu and Farid, 2004) or Principle Components
Analysis (Fridrich et al., 2003) is applied to find the
mathematical representations of each image block and is
used for the comparison. While this conversion improves
the robustness from the naive pixel value matching, they
have two significant limitations: the matching should be exhaustive
which prohibits comparisonmatching of large image
database, and the block size of the original and copied image
segment should be same; it cannot detect repetition of the
scaled or rotated image block.
In order to detect the photomontage, Ng et al. (2004)
use a higher-order statistics using the fact that a composite
signal from different spliced images is likely to introduce discontinuities. Popescu (2005) examined local noise level variance
to find the splice boundary. However, state-of-the-art
image compositing techniques in computer graphics community
like, gradient-based digital photomontage techniques
Perez et al., 2003 or graph-cut base algorithms Agarwala
et al., 2004 can automatically choose the optimal boundary
path, which makes the detection with these methods much
harder.
Different lightingdirection is a good indicator of different image
sources. While Johnson and Farid (2005) estimate the direction
of the lighting from a single image, the assumptiond--the normal direction of the object being examined should be
knownd--is too restricting.
Vast research on digital watermarking provides various ways
to protect the authenticity of a digital data (Ferrill and Moyer,
1999). However, the major drawback of digital watermarking is
that the watermark should be embedded to the image before
any tampering. The problem of protecting images from fake
watermarking has not been solved completely.
In a related task, the AI community is facing similar issues.
While their concerns are not image forgery per se, much work
in AI deals with identifying relationships and stories in scenes
andscenarios.Here, common-sensereasoning is used to resolve
spatial relations across segments within images (Tomai et al.,
2004) and identify information that ismissing from intelligence
scripts (e.g. kidnapping or terrorist scenarios) (Forbus et al.,
2005). Throughout our approach, we introduce new semantics
to overcome the existing problems within image forensics.
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