【08-25】多校考博英语（北大、清华、人大、南大、中科院、华师大、华东政法）
北京大学——英语2000年博士研究生入学考试试题北京大学2000年博士生入学考试试题
Part One: Structure & Written Expression
Direction: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the
ANSWER SHEET. (25%)
1. Thomas Wolfe portrayed people so that you came to know their yearnings, their impulses, and
their warts----this was effective _____.
A. motivation B. point of view C. characterization D. background
2. The appeal to the senses known as ______ is especially common in poetry.
A. imaginative B. imaginable C. ingenious D. imagery
3. If you've got a complaint, the best thing is to see the person concerned and _____ with him.
A. tell it B. have it out C. say it D. have it known
4. There have been several attempts to introduce gayer colours and styles in men's clothing , but
none of them____
A. ha caught on B. has caught him out, C. has caught up D. take roots
5.The retired engineer plunked down $ 50,000 in cash for a mid-size Mercedes as a present for his wife --a purchase ______ ,with money made in the stock market the week before.
A. paid off B. paid through C. paid cut D. paid for
6.He has courage all right, but in matters requiring judgment, he has often been found
sadly_____.
A. lack it B. absent C. in need of it D. wanting
7. Danis Hayes raised the essential paradox and asked how people could have fought so hard
against environmental degradation _____ themselves now on the verge of losing the war.
A. only found B. finding only C. only to find D, have only found
8.The once separate issue of environment and development are now ____ linked.
A. intangible B. indispensable C. inextricably D. incredibly
9.The need to see that justice is done ____ every decision made in the courts.
A. implants into B. imposes on C. impinges upon D. imprecates upon
10. Two thirds of the US basketball players are black, and the number would be greater__
the continuing practice of picking white bench warmers for the sake of balance.
A. was it not because of B. had it not been for
C. ware it not for D. would it not have been for
11. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ____ going on in the world.
A. it is B. there is C. as is D. what is
12. If there is the need to compete in a crowd, to battle ______ the edge the surest strategy is to
develop the unexpected.
A. on B. for C. against D. with
13. Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees _____.
occupations for which technical training is necessary .
A. so too there are B. so also there are
C. so there are too D. so too are there
14. It is a myth that the law permits the Food and Drug Administration to ignore requirements for
______ drugs while brand-name drugs still must meet these rigid tests.
A. specific B. generic
C. intricate D. acrid
15. The very biggest and most murderous wars during the industrial age were intra-industrial
-wars that ____ Second Wave nations like Germany and Britain against one another
A. pitted B. drove C. kept D. embarked
16.The private life of having each individual make his or her own choice of beliefs and interest
_______ without the overarching public world of the state, which sustains a structure of law appropriate to a self-determining association.
A. is not possible B. would not be possible
C. will not be possible D. cannot be possible
17.From Christianity and the barbarian kingdoms of the west emerged the medieval version of
politics_____ in ,turn evolved the politics of our modern world.
A. of which B. from which C. on which D. by which
18. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man____ Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.
A. was B. was called D. calling D. being
19.Grant was one of a body of men who were self-reliant _______ , who cared hardly anything for the past but had a sharp eye for the future .
A. on themselves B on not making a fault
C. to a fault D. to remain ahead
20. Huntington and many of its competitors are working to make remedial instruction a commodity as____ and accessible as frozen yogurt .
a. ubiquitous B. rational C. necessary D. credible
21. The scheme for rebuilding the city center______, owing to the refusal f a Council to sanction the expenditure of the money it would have required.
A. fell down B. fell off C. fell out D. fell flat
22. If they think they are going to win over us by obstinately _____ and refusing to make the slightest concession. they are mistaken .
A. holding out B, holding to C. holding over D. holding up
23. Tine possibility that the explosion was caused by sabotage cannot be _____
A. broken out B. cancelled out C. ruled out D, wiped out
24. The ex-president had been ____ in the country to refresh his mind before he passed away.
A. given to walking B. given a walk C. given for a walk D. giving a walk
25. He did not relish appealing amongst his friends and____ of their criticism or censure.
A. running short B. running out C. running the gauntlet D. running ahead
Part Two: Reading Comprehension
I. Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers
are given . Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your
choice in the ANSWER SKEET. (15%)
Passage One
It was a normal day in the life of the American Red Cross in Greater New York. First, part of a building on West 140th Street, in Harlem, fell down. Beds tumbled through the air people slid out of their apartments and onto the ground, three people died, and the Red Cross was there, helping shocked residents find temporary shelter, and food and clothing .Then it was back
downtown for that evening's big Fend-raiser, the Eleventh Annual Red Cross Award Dinner Dance, at the Pierre. "That's why I have bad hair tonight," said Christopher Peake , a Red Cross
Spokesman who had spent much of the day at the Harlem scene, in the drizzling rain. He was now
in a tuxedo, and actually his hair didn't look so bad, framed by a centerpiece of tulips and jonquils,
and perhaps improved by subdued lighting from eight crystal chandeliers.
Definitely not having a bad-Mir night was Elizabeth Dole, the wife of Senator Robert Dole and the president of the American Red Cross. President Dole has chestnut, colored Republican hair, which was softly coifed, and she was wearing a fitted burgundy velvet evening suit ("Someone made it for me! I love velvet!" she exclaimed, in her enthusiastic, Northern Carolina hostess voice) and sparkling drop earrings. Of course, she hadn't been standing in the rain in Harlem; she had just flown up on the three-o'clock shuttle from Washington. Dole is extremely pretty, with round green eyes and a full mouth and a direct personality. She tilts her head attentively when she listens. She was the recipient of the evening's award; previous award winners have included Alice Tully, Princess Yasmin Aga Khan,... and most recently, Brooke Astor. Not exactly a sequence at the end of which you would expect to find Elizabeth Dole, but award givers are famous for having political instincts as well as philanthropic ones.
Surrounded by the deep-blue swags and golden draperies of the ballroom were more than
thirty-five dinner tables set with groupings of candles and floral centerpieces and Royal Doulton china. American Express was them. So were Bristol-Myers Squibb; Coopers & Lybrand; the New York Times Company; Union Bank of Switzerland; Chemical Bank; New York Life; ...and Price Waterhouse. The actress Arlene Dahl, with her rather red hair and her bearded husband, presided over one table. Otherwise, it was a typical ,faceless , captain-of-industry fund raiser (no models! no stars ! ), of which there seems to be at least one every night in New York City . It was not a society night, but still the evening raised four hundred and thirty thousand dollars.
26. From what we read we can infer that "it was a normal day in the life of the American Red
Cross in Greater New York" means its staff____
A. deal with the fall of houses in the city every day
B. are busy helping people who suffer from disasters every day
C. work during the day and to have banquet in the evening every day
D. go to Harlem , the poorest district of New York every day and help people there
27. The fund-raiser mentioned in the passage refers to ___
A. Robert Dole B. Elizabeth Dole
C. the Eleventh Annual Red Cross Award Dinner Dance
D. all the business companies attending the Dinner Dance
28.Christopher Peake's hair didn't look so, bad because____
A. he was wearing a handsome tuxedo
B. he was wearing tulips on his suit
C. he was seen among flowers
D. he was sitting near flowers and in very, soft light
29.Elizabeth Dole was____
A. the president of the American Red Cross and acted at the Dinner as a North Carolina hostess
B. a republican and wife of the president of the American Red Cross
C. the president of the American Red Cross and its main representative at the Annual Dinner Dance
D. born in North Carolina, became an air-hostess and later married Senator Robert Dole.
30.The presence of an actress an the Dinner made the fund raising ____ .
A. less impersonal B. a typical fund-raising event
C, less personal D, more business-like
Passage Two
For laymen ethnology is probably the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible dangers and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories .
The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long
time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers-- certainly not scientists since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results . Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can't be, or the homing of animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, are they then not worth knowing about.
The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities . Recording of the animals' voices by electrical
sound equipment is considered essential , and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occur. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other's observations right there in the field.
Ethnology , the word ,is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or features which distinguish a group -- any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying "the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal's behavior." In abridged dictionaries ethnology is sometimes defined simply as "the objective study of animal behavior," and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths .
31. In the first sentence, the word "laymen" means_______
A. people who sand aside B. people who are not trained as biologists
C. people who are amateur biologists D. people who love animals
32. According to the passage ,ethnology is________
A. a new branch of biology B. an old Greek science
C. a pseudo-science D. a science for amateurs
33."The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves." This sentence means ______.
A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicapped
B. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientists
C. ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the field
D. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work
34. According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage,
"hard-and-fast" means experiment procedures _____.
A. are difficult and quick to follow
B. must be carried out in a strict and quick way
C. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose results
D. hard and unreasonable for scientists to observe
35. The meaning of the underlined words in "the details of spontaneous family relationships " can be expressed as____
A. natural family relationships
B. quickly occurring family relationships
C. animals acting like a natural family
D. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlled
Passage Three
The single greatest shift in the history of mass-communication technology occurred in the 15th century and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of "Notre-Dame de Paris" It was a cathedral. On all parts of the giant building, statuary and stone representations of
every kind, combined with huge windows of stained glass, told the stories of the Bible and the
saints, displayed the intricacies of Christian theology, adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures, referred diplomatically to the majesties of political power,
and, in addition, by means of bells in bell towers, told time for the benefit of all of Paris and much
of France. It was an awesome engine of communication.
Then came the transition to something still more awesome. The new technology of mass
communication was potable, could sit on your table, and was easily replicable, and yet, paradoxically, contained more information, more systematically presented, than even the largest of
cathedrals. It was the printed book. Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the
over-all superiority of the new invention was unmistakable.
In the last ten or twenty years, we have been undergoing a more or less equivalent shift -- this time to a new life as a computer-using population. The gain in portability, capability, ease,
orderliness, accuracy, reliability, and information-storage over anything achievable by pen scribbling, typewriting, and cabinet filing is recognized by all. The progress for civilization is undeniable and, plain]y, irreversible. Yet, just as the book's triumph over the, cathedral divided people into two groups, one of which prospered, while the other lapsed into gloom, the computer's triumph has also divided the human race.
You have only to bring a computer into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement, sit down to conduct experiments, ooh and ah at the boxes and beeps, and master the use of the computer or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game. But how difficult it is - how grim and frightful! -- for the other people, the defeated class, whose temperament does not naturally respond to computers. The machine whirrs and glows before them and their faces twitch. They may be splendidly educated , as measured by book-reading, yet their instincts are all wrong, and no amount of manual-studying and mouse-clicking will make them right. Computers require a sharply different set of aptitudes, and, if the aptitudes are missing, little can be done, and misery is guaranteed.
Is the computer industry aware that computers have divided mankind into two new, previously unknown classes, the computer personalities and the non-computer personalities? Yes, the industry knows this. Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the computer to the limitations of non-computer personalities . Apple's Macintosh, with its zooming animations and
pull-down menus and little pictures of file folders and watch faces and trash cans, pointed the way. Such seductions have soothed the apprehensions of a certain number of the computer-averse. This spring, the computer industry's. efforts are reaching a culmination of sorts .Microsoft Bill Gates' giant corporation , is to bring out a program package called Microsoft Bob, desired by Mr. Gates' wife, Melinda French, and intended to render computer technology available even to people who are openly terrified of computers. Bob's principle is to take the several tasks of operating a computer, rename them in a folksy style, and assign to them the images of an ideal room in an ideal home, with furniture and bookshelves, and with chummy cartoon helpers ("Friend, of Bob") to guide the computer user over the rough spots, and, in that way, simulate an atmosphere that feels nothing like computers .
36. According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. It is because the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris had many bell-towers and could tell
time to people that the writer regards it as an engine of mass communication.
B. From cathedrals to books to computers the technology of communication has become
more convenient, reliable and fast
C. Every time when a new communication means triumphed over the old, it divided
mankind into two groups.
D. Computer industry has been trying hard to make people accept computers.
37. The printed book is more progressive than the cathedral as a communication means, because
A. it could sit on your table and did no longer tell time
B. it was more reliable and did not tell the stories of saints and demons
C. it was small, yet contained more information
D. it did not flatter religious and political power
38. The word "awesome" in the passage means_______
A. frightening B. causing fear and respect
C. amazingly new D. awful
39. People who feel miserable with computers are those____
A. who love reading books and writing with a pen or a typewriter
B. who possess the wrong aptitudes of disliking and fearing new things
C. who have not been trained to use computers
D. who are born with a temperament that does not respond to computers
40. Melinda French designed Microsoft Bob which was to ease the misery of computer ,user by
_________
A. making users feel that they are not dealing with machines
B. making the program more convenient and cartoon-like
C. adding home pictures to the program design
D. renaming the computer tasks in a folksy style
II. Read the following passage carefully and then paraphrase the numbered and underlined
parts. ("Paraphrase" means to explain the meaning in your own English.) (15%)
Charm is the ultimate weapon, the supreme seduction, against which there are few defenses. If you've got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (41)It is a gift only given to give away. and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate , of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact.
Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an
inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring .It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.
(42) You recognize charm by the feeling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But
can you get it. too? Probably you can't, because it's a quickness of spirit an originality of touch
you have to be born with. Or it's something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the
simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks like
wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your
dancing eyes. (43) Such signs, to the nervous, are ominous warnings which may well send him
streaking for cover. On the other hand. there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have , and which care can nourish.
But in a study of charm , what else does one took for? Apart from the ability to listen -- rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness --- apart from warmth , sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible? (44) A generosity. I suppose. which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains, which doesn't hold itself back till you've filled up a test-card making it clear that you're worth the trouble. Charm can't withhold, but spends itself willingly on young and old alike, on the poor, the ugly, the dim, the boring, on the test fat man in the comer. (45) It reveals itself also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often in a physical grace which spring less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenity of mind. Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow, be is also a social healer.
Part Three: Cloze Test
Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage: with ONE suitable word to complete the
passage. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (l0%)
One way of improving one's writing is to get into the habit of keeping a record of your observations, of storing (46) __ in a notebook or journal. You should make notes on your experiences and on your (47) _____ of everyday life so that they are preserved. It is sad (48) ___to be able to retrieve a lost idea that seemed brilliant when it fleshed across your (49) ___, or a forgotten fact that you need to make a point in an argument or to illustrate a conclusion.
The journal habit has still (50) ___ value. Just (51)_____you need to record observations--the material for writing--you need to practice purling thoughts on paper. Learning to write is more like learning to ski (52) ____it is studying calculus or anthropology .Practice helps you discover ways to improve. Writing down ideas for your own use forces you to examine them. Putting thoughts on paper for someone else to read (53)______ you to evaluate not(54)____ the content -- what you say -- but also the expression---(55) _____ you say it. Many writers have benefited from this habit.
Part Four: Proofreading
Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 20 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in bracket) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash 6). Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET . (20 %)
Examples :
eg. 1 (56) The meeting begun 2 hours ago,
Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (56) began
eg.2 (57) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (57) (Scarcely) and (they)
eg.3 (58) Never will I not do it again
Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (58) not
(56) "Humanism" has used to mean too many things to be a very satisfactory term, (57)Nevertheless and in the lack or a better word. (58) I shall use it explain for the complex of attitudes which this discussion has undertaken to defend.
(59) In this sense a humanist is anyone who reiects the attempt to describe or account of man
wholly on the basis of physics, chemistry, and animal behavior. (60) He is anyone who believes
that will reason, and purpose are real and significant than value and justice are aspects of a reality called good and evil and rests upon some foundation other than custom: (61) that conscjousness is so far from a mere epiphenomenon that it is the most tremendous of actualities (62) that the unmeasure may be significant or to sum it all up. (63) that these human realities which sometimes seem to exist only in human mind are the perceptions of the mind .
(64) He is in other words, anyone who says that there are more things in heaven and earth that those dreamed of in the positivist philosophy.
(65) Originally to be sure, the term humanist meant simply anyone who thought the study of
ancient literature his chief concern. Obviously it means, as I use it, very much more. (66) But there remains nevertheless a certain connection between the aboriginal meaning and that I am attempting to give it, (67) because those whom I describe as humanists usually recognize that literature and the arts have been pretty consistently "on its side" and (68) because it is often to
literature that they turn to renew their faith in the whole class of truths which the modern world has so consistently tended to dismiss as the mere figments of a wishful thinking imagination.
(69) Insofar as this modern world gives less and less attention to its literary past. insofar as it dismisses that past as something outgrow and (70) to be discarded as much as the imperfect technology contemporary with it has been discarded. (71) just to that extent it facilitate the
surrender of humanism to technology . (72) The literature is to be found, directly expressed or.
(73) more often, indirectly implied, the most effective correction to the views now most prevalent
among the thinking and unthinking.
(74) The great imaginative writers present a picture of human nature and of human life which
carries convjction and thus giving the lie to all attempts to reduce man to a mechanism. Novels and poems ,and dramas are so persistently concemed with the values which relativism rejects that one might even define literature as the attempt to pass value judgments upon representations of human life. (75) More often than not those of its imaginative persons who fail to achieve power and wealth are more successful that those who do not - by standards which the imaginative writer persuades us to accept as valid.
Part Five: Writing
Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below: (15%)
Topic: What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21 century?
State your reasons.
北京大学——英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题
北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题
Part One: Structure and Written Expression
Direction: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
1 .The doctor's ____ is that she'll soon be as good as new if she takes insulin and watches her diet.
A. agnosticism B. anticipation C. diagnosis D. prognosis
2. It is ____ understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of m his hearing will remain forever unspoken.
A. uncommunicatively B. acceptably
C. tacitly D. taciturnly
3. ____ springs not out of true and deep admiration, but more often out of a self-seeking wish to identify with someone important or famous.
A. A compliment B. An adulatory
C. Flattery D. Praise
4. Leaving for work m plenty of time to catch the train will ___worry about being late.
A. rule off B. prevent C. avoid D. obviate
5. Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier, aired his veneration of Napoleon Bonaparte so _____ and unceasingly that he became the laughingstock of all people in Europe.
A. vociferously B. patriotically
C. verbosely D. loquaciously
6. People suffering from ____prefer to stay shut in their homes and become panic-stricken m large public buildings and open fields.
A, acrophobia B. agoraphobia
C. claustrophobia D. xenophobia
7. All normal human beings are ____ at least to a degree --they get a feeling of warmth and kinship from engaging in group activities.
A. segregated B. congregational
C, gregarious D. egregious
8. He is ___ drinker, who has been imbibing for so long that he has figuratively speaking, grown old with the vice.
A. an inveterate B. an incorrigible
C. a chronic D. an unconscionable
9. We listened dumb-struck, full of_____, to the shocking details of the corruption of the ex-president of the compare.
A. incredality B. ingenuity
C. ingenuousness D. incredibility
10. Too much ___ can possibly lead to unhappiness, even to thoughts of suicide as few people have the courage to analyze themselves objectively and minutely.
A. retrospect B. retrospection
C. perspicacity D. perspicuity
11 .Hydrocarbons, ___ by engine exhausts, react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form complex toxic gases.
A. are given off B. give off
C. they are given off D. given off
12. He could hardly _____his temper when he saw the state of his office.
A. hold in B. hold up C. hold off D. hold out
13.The statesman was evidently ____by the journalist's questions and glared at him for a few seconds.
A. put down B. put out C. put across D. put away
14. ____ , it is widely used in making flares and fireworks.
A, As the brilliant white light that burning magnesium produces
B. Because of the brilliant white light of burning magnesium
C. The brilliant white light of burning magnesium
D. Burning magnesium produces a brilliant white light
15.____ to tell us that the interest of the individual should be subordinate to that
of the collective?
A. Were you used B. Are you used
C. Did you use D. Do you used
16.I would have gone to the lecture with you ____ I was so busy.
A. except that B. provided that C. but that D. only that
17.The detective watched and saw the suspect _____ a hotel at the comer of the street.
A. getting off the taxi and walking into
B. got off the taxi and walked into
C. get off the taxi and walk into
D. got off the taxi to walk into
18. The child is ____ all the evidence for his opinion.
A. not encouraged either to be critical or to examine
B. encouraged either to be critical nor to examine
C. either encouraged to be critical or to examine
D. neither encouraged to be critical nor to examine
19. To be sure, there would be scarcely no time left over for other things if school children __ all sides of every matter on which they hold opinions.
A. would have been expected to have considered
B. were expected to consider
C. will be expected to have been considered
D. were expected to have considered
20. Whenever work is being done, energy___ from one form into another.
A. converts B. converted C. is converted D. is being converted
Part Two : Reading Comprehension
I. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best
answer to each question. Pat your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)
Passage On
The Aerospace Bicycle That Fell to Earth
( 1 ) A radical new bicycle had its first public showing at the National British Cycling Championships in Shrewsbury last weekend. Based on the gold medal-winning design from the Barcelona Olympics, it is the first commercial mountain bike made of a single piece of carbon fibre.
(2) Bicycles for amateurs have up to now nom made of steel aluminium or magnesium tubes welded together into the conventional "A-flame" shape. But last year, the British competitor Chris Boardman set world records while winning titles in the Olympic cycling pursuit events on a custom-built ,carbon-fibre bicycle with lower weight and wind resistance than standard models .Because carbon fibre is both light and extremely strong, it does not need the A-frame shape, saving further weight. Carbon fibre can also be moulded in a single piece, avoiding the weakness of welds.
(3) ,The new bike, which will cost between $2000 and $3000 when it reaches the shops next month, has the same advantages as the Olympic model. It weighs about 11 kilograms, a saving of 1.5 kilograms on metal frames .With no crossbar, it has a lower centre of gravity, making it easier to use in race conditions. "When you're doing some aggressive riding, you throw the bike about form side to side," explains Eddie Eccleston,, director of British Eagle, a British bicycle manufacturer based in Powys, Wales, which is marketing the bikes. "The low centre of gravity gives you better control."
(4) The frames are being made in the US for British Eagle by SP systems in Camarillo, California, which has clients in the aerospace industry. "This is aerospace technology brought into cycling by enthusiasts," says Eccleston. When professionals tested racing versions of the bike before the Tour de France, they were quicker than metal versions by up to 3 seconds per kilometre.
(5) The new design has no struts between the saddle and the back wheel; instead, the frame's flexibility can be "tuned" to individual tastes by changing the mixture of Kevlar fibre and carbon fibre in the back wheel strut , allowing up to 5 centimetres of movement.
(6) The carbon-fibre design has a lower centre of gravity and smoother back-wheel suspension than conventional bikes.
2l. The new bicycle exhibited at the National British Cycling Championships was radical because_____
A. it was made from the gold medal-winning design of the Barcelona Olympics
B. it was the fast commercial mountain bike
C. its public showing last weekend aroused many people's curiosity
D. it was made of one single piece of carbon fibre
22. According to the context, "bicycles for amateurs" at the beginning of the second paragraph refers to bicycles_____
A. that people buy only for riding in their daily life
B that are bought by amateur cyclists who like cycling as an exercise
C. that are built for customers in general
D. that non-Olympic competitors use
23. Which of the following statements is Not true ?
A The new commercial bike has no crossbar and its centre of gravity is lower than the Olympic model.
B. When the rider is doing some rough riding, the new bike's low cetnre of gravity gives him better control.
C. The new bike is made by using aerospace technology and is quicker than the conventional bike by 3 seconds per kilometre.
D. The new bike has no metal bar between the saddle and the back wheel, and the amount of carbon fibre used in the back wheel can be changed according to the user's taste.
Passage Two
Free Advice Is Just Around the Corner
(1) When Daniel Franklin, a political science professor from Atlanta, needed career advancement advice, he didn't turn to colleagues, therapists or even his mom.
(2) He went to the Advice Ladies.
(3) Three thirty something New York women, advertising freelancers by day, have turned themselves into Saturday afternoon street-comer oracles, they pull up lawn chairs and a table on a lower Manhattan street comer and dish out free advice to passersby. They've claimed the comer of West Broadway and Broome Street in Soho as their own for the last several months.
(4) Amy Alkon, who, with longtime friends Marlowe Minnick and Carolyn Johnson, becomes a part-time shrink each weekend. "We use creative problem-solving to turn problem into fun," she says.
(5) On a recent steamy afternoon, a line has formed in front of the Advice Ladies' table. Obviously, New Yorkers need plenty of help. "People feel they have no control in this crazy world. And therapy can take years," Minnick says. "We solve problems instantly, it's instant answer gratification'
(6) The three brainstorm before delivering advice on everything from pet discipline, closet-space management, even hair care. But no legal advice. "By far, most of our questions are love-related . It's amazing the intimate sexual problems that people will divulge to a total stranger," Alkon says.
(7) But they won't be strangers much longer. The Advice Ladies are putting together a book deal. And Robert De Niro is crewing a talk show around them, due nationally this fall from his Tribeca Picutres.
(8) "De Niro asked us for advice, but we think he's already perfect," purrs Alkon.
(9) And their career advice to Franklin? "He's written a book, so we told him to get a manager and go on the touring circuit. It's great money and great publicity for the book"
(10) "Good advice," says Franklin.
24. There were_____
A. about 30 New York women who offered free advice by day
B. three women freelancers about 30 years old who offered advertising advice on Saturday
C. about 30 women advertising freelancers offered advice every Saturday afternoon in New york
D. three women about 30 years old, who did advertising as a job, offered free advice every Saturday afternoon
25. These advisors____
A changed the New York street comers into oracles
B. used the New York street comers as their advice office
C. sat at a street comer to give people free advice
D. made a street comer their place to predict the future to passersby
26. New Yorkers came to the Advice Ladies because____
A. the ladies' advice was quick and effective to solve problems
B. New Yorkers felt it was difficult to live in this crazy world
C Medical therapy could net solve people's problems
D. New York was a crazy place and its inhabitants need plenty of help
27. In the seventh paragraph we read that the Advice Ladies won't be strangers for long because____
A. they are dealing with a book together and a TV man is writing a talk show about them
B. they are going to sell a book about themselves and also appear on a TV show
C. they will buy a book through a deal and appear in a film in the coming fall season
D. they will get to know each other better by working on a book and appearing in a TV show together
Passage Three
The American Presidential Gala of 1993
(1) Mixing populism and celebrity, Clinton dances into office with a week-long multimillion-dollar party full of stars, saxophone music and presidential hugs.
(2) The Party was held m a way never seen since World War II. Many movie and music stars showed up, offering their wishes to a new administration. They sang songs like "You know, Bill's gonna get this Country straight" '93! You and me! U-ni-tee!/Time to partee with Big Bill and Hillaree."
(3) The stars came out in constellation because they recognized in Clinton one of their own. Not just that he plays the saxophone, a little. Or that Hillary is a smart, tough lawyer, like most Hollywood moguls. What matters is that Clinton is a beacon of middle-class charm, a lover of being loved, a believer in the importance of image, metaphor, style. And he is an ace manipulator of media, selling his symbols directly to the people on TV, without the interference of nosy journalists. It all makes far a wondrous '90s blend of show biz and politic.
(4) "This is our time," Clinton said in his Inaugural Address." Let us embrace it." Last week he had an embrace for everyone, and not just the stars. This huggy-bear President needs to feel the public's approval.
(5) At one of the balls of the week, Clinton was like the college student who drops in the night before the exam to show he's one of the guys, then sneaks back to his dorm to cram. Perhaps there is as much Nixon in him (the ambition, the intellect) as Kennedy (the charm, the recklessness, his position as centrist custodian of liberal dreams). He will need to be the best of both men if he is to close, as he said last week, "the gap between our words and our deeds."
(6) During the gala, actor Edward James Olmos quoted Lincoln: "We must disenthrall ourselves, and then we shall save our courntry." Clinton, a good student with a good memory, mouthed the words as Olmos spoke them. Clinton must have realized that, in a different sense and different era, America faces the task of disenthralling itself, of shaking off the Hollywood stardust and facing facts.
(7) In 1992 Clinton vended optimism; now he must be careful in saying so. He sold the nation a miracle product, ALL-NEW HOPE: it gives you cleaner, cheaper government with a fresh minty flavor. But if it doesn't get the stains out, the electorate's high hopes could sour into despair. Then the man called Hope will become the man called Hype. All the big stars and better angels will leave him out in the spotlight, stranded, unmasked.
28. The meaning of "Clinton dances into his office, with a week-long multimillion-dollar party full of stars, saxophone music and presidential hugs" in the first paragraph is:
A. Clinton held a party and danced with film stars and musicians, and hugged his guests
B. Clinton went into his office followed by rich film stars and musicians who wanted to be hugged by the president
C. Clinton started his term of president's work with a week-long gala of celebrities and music to celebrate the event
D. Clinton spent a great deal of money to give a party of dance and music to please the film stars and important people
29. By saying "Bill's gonna get this Country straight", the party attendants believe that____
A. Money bills are important in getting things done for the United States
B. The president has got to do a wonderful job to save America
C. Clinton will change the United States to a free country
D. Clinton is going to solve the problems of the United States
30. Which of the following statements is True?
A. At one of the balls, Clinton appeared shortly and then left in a quiet way to do his work.
B. Clinton was certainly a combination of both Nixon and Kennedy.
C. Clinton said at the Party that he was going to close his mouth and work harder.
D. When Olmos quoted Lincoln, Clinton repeated the words as Olmos spoke them.
II. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered an d underlined parts . (15%)
Medical consumerism--like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly--is designed to be unsatisfying. (31) The prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty. youth, happiness) are inherently self-defeating, The law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. You can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. But, as any geriatric ward shows, that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy. (32)grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched and polities turn mean.
What an ignominious destiny for medicine if its future tamed into one of bestowing meager increments of unenjoyed life! It would mirror the fate of athletics, in which disproportionate energies and resources--not least medical ones, like illegal steroids--are now invested to shave records by milliseconds. And, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevism--the "abolition" of death--would net be a solution but only an exacerbation. (33) To air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen--a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories--but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but with
dissolving goals,
(34) Hence medicine's finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic, From the Greeks to the Great War, its job was simple to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to mintage pain. It performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicine's triumphs are dissolving m disorientation, (35) Medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. Yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. The task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities.
Part Three: Cloze Test
Direction: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage Put your answers in the ANSWER
SHEET. (10%)
For______(36) the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain ______(37): a yearning for a time when nations in the civilized world buried their differences and combined to oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the retable consequences of war stopped ______ (38) of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the Allies hit those wave-battered sand flats and towering cliffs, the Normandy invasion stands as a feat _______ (39) to be repeated.
There will never be ____ (40) D-Day. Technology has changed the conditions of warfare in ways that none of the D-Day participants could have __(41), Ali-out war in the beginnings of this century would surely spell all-out _____ (42) for the belligerents, and possibly for the entire human race. No credible scenario for a future world war would allow time for the massive buildup' of conventional forces that occurred in the 1940s. The moral equivalent of the Normandy invasion in the nuclear age would involve a presidential decision to put tens of millions of American lives at _____ (43). And the possible benefits for the allies would be uncertain at best
European defense experts often ask whether the U.S. would be willing to "trade Pittsburgh for 'Dusseldorf.” In practice, the question may well be whether it is worth ____ (44) American cities to avenge a Europe already _____ (45) to rubble.
Part Four: Proofreading
Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether l0 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part. of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. lf you change a word, cross it out with a slash(\) and write the correct word. lf you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in bracket3) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\), Put your ,answers in the
ANSWER SHEET. (10%)
Examples:
eg. 1 (46) The meeting begun 2 hours ago
Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (46) begun began
eg.2 (47) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.
Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (47) (Scarcely) had (they)
eg. 3 (48) Never will I not do it again.
Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (48) not
(46) A state university president was arrested today and charged with impersonate a police officer because, the authorities say, he pulled over a speeding driver here last month. (47) Using flashing headlights, Richard L. Judd, 64, the president of Central Connecticut State University. made the driver, Peter Baba 24. of Plainville. pull on Jan, 23. the state police said. (48) He then flashed a gold badge and barked at him for speed, they said.
(49) Mr. Judd is New Britain's police commissioner from 1981 to 1989 and from I993 to 1995. (50) But Detective Harold Gannon of the New Britain police said today that the job involved more policy as police work, and did not include the authority to charge or chide criminals. (51) The gold badge was mere a university award. (52) The governor said he would not ask for a resignation because Mr. Judd had made a "misjudgment" and had written a letter of apologizing.
(53) Later, Mr. Judd's lawyer, Paul J. Mcouillan, issued a long apology from his superior, whom he described as "the best thing to happen to New Britain." (54) "My experience and instinct as an E.M.T. and former police commissioner prompted me to involve myself with this matter," Mr. Judd said in the statement. (55) "In hindsight, I see it was mine to manage."
Part Five: Writing
Direction: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic
given below: (15%)
Topic: Write m 250-300 words about China’s auto industry.
清华大学——英语2000年5月博士研究生入学考试试题
清华大学2000年5月考博英语真题
English Qualifying Test for Ph. D. Candidates
(May, 2000)
Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)
Section A 注；请将70 至100字的概要用中文写在答题纸上。
Section B 注；请将答案用英文写在答案纸上。
Section C 注 请将答案用英文填写在答题纸的表格上。
Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)
Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
1. The opinions of his peers are more important to her than her parents' idea.
A) friends B) equals
C) enemies D) bosses
2. After we join the WTO, the situation that our automobile industry, depends for its survival on government subsidies will be changed.
A) financial aid B) personnel support
C) spiritual encouragement D) partial taxation
3. My salary has been raised to 100,000 yuan a year. but there is a proportionate increase in my income tax.
A) dramatic B) undesirable
C) perpetual D) proportional
4. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).
A) study B) live
C) read aloud D) wander
5. Despite the pressure from the president, the provincial government insisted on its autonomous jurisdiction.
A) regional B) obstinate
C) willful D) legal
6. All programs celebrating the Spring Festival in the CCTV have been relayed to even' part of the world through satellites.
A) received B) reserved
C) rebroadcast D) enjoyed
7. You must be drunk last night. Otherwise how did you manage to drive into a stationary vehicle?
A) official B) police
C) parked D) running
8. To create a democratic atmosphere in the company, the manager should always be accessible to his staff.
A)fair B) equal
C) acceptable D) approachable
9. The newly imported machine doesn't work in ambient humidity of 50 degrees.
A) approximate B) surrounding
C) convenient D) high
10. Many students are signing the petition against building a steelworks near the school.
A) names B) agreement
C) request D) disapproval
11. Your appraisal of the current situation is quite different from mine.
A) optimistic B) compliment
C) agreement D) estimate
12. They are boycotting the store because the workers are on strike.
A) looting B) banning
C) protecting D) destroying
13. In the final contest, two athletes are contending for the championship.
A) satisfying B) happy
C) competing D) quarreling
14. The computer's value will depreciate by half in the first year.
A) decrease B) increase
C) keep low D) fluctuate
15. China Telecom is about to embark on a major program of computerization.
A) propaganda B) finish
C) purchase D) undertake
l6. The candidate has given a pledge that he will improve the local environment and invest doubly in education.
A) promise B) declaration
C) proposal D) possibility
17. There has always been an epldemic or bike stealing in schools.
A) a theft B) a punishment
C) a plague D) a crime
18. It is in Chongqing that the next international symposium on environmental protection will be held.
A) debate B) conference
C) seminar D) negotiation
19. Many people suspected the existence of extraterrestrial life.
A) snowman B) outside the earth
C) spiritual D) underworld
20. In case your liabilities outrun your assets, you may go bankrupt.
A) debt B) enterprise
C) controversy D) bondage
21.After the fierce quarrel, they began to have a __________ loathing for each other.
A) boring B) reciprocal
C) friendly D) standing
22. On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to ________the sea waves.
A) simplify B) simulate
C) help D) like
23. The government lacked money because of biting oil________.
A) prices B) stations
C) buildings D) revenues
24. Though the policies of racial ________had been abolished, many whites in the South were still dubious about the safety of the communities.
A) segregation B) regulations
C) communism D3 extinction
25. The proposal was accepted with ________ approval. Everybody believed it would help revive the national economy.
A) unanimous B) doubtful
C) pleasant D) searching
26. Many social services are provided by ________ societies and organizations that do not expect any material payment.
A) wealthy B)voluntary
C) helpful D)spiritual
27. In the packed hall, the people sitting close to me _________ me into the corner little by little.
A) dragged B) drew
C) frightened D) wedged
28. The police, trying to ________exactly who was at the party are investigating every person concerned.
A) ascertain B) arrest
C) imagine D) count
29. If everybody has arrived the meeting may________ now.
A) commence B) criticize
C) comment D) conclude
30. The prodigal son ________his large inheritance in a few years of heavy spending.
A) inherited B) received
C) accumulated D) dissipated
3l. In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable ________ in religious and social life.
A) hierarchy B) power
C) despot D) president
32. _________ delinquency refers to law-breaking by young people.
A) Juvenile B) Green-hand
C) Amateur D) Institute
33. It's necessary to make your handwritings ________ when you fill in an official form.
A) reconcilable B) legitimate
C) legible D) formal
34. She has always been a conscientious secretary since the gal, she entered my company. Tine suggestion that I wanted her to resign is quite __________
A) thoughtful B) reasonable
C) unfounded D) early
35. The ________ meaning of "yellow" is a color, but it can also mean "cowardly."
A) positive B) negative
C) underlying D) literal
36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see ________ of stars.
A) the circulation B) a cluster
C) the falling D) myriads
36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see ________ of stars.
A) the circulation B) a cluster
C) the falling D) myriads
37. Ringing church bells sets up ________ in the Alpine valleys.
A) resonance B) forests
C) church building D) priests
38. The students are all from ________ countries, such as Singapore. India Korean, and Japan.
A) developing B)oriental
C) island D) Christian
39. Wouldn't it be easier to move about on the ________ of the mobbed crowd than to squeeze in tile middle?
A) consent B) heads
C) fringe D) recreation
40. When the new immigration law came into effect, the old one was naturally
A) validated B) put off
C) repealed D) put up
Part III Reading Comprehension (50%)
Section A
Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You loeide on the best choice.
Passage I
In the years following the Second World War, the youth hostel idea spread to other parts of the world and the same spirit was maintained. The International Youth Hostel Federation, IYHF, which was to co-ordinate activities in the various national associations, incorporated in its constitution the principle that in youth hostels "there shall be no distinctions of race, nationality color, religion, class or political opinions. This, it should be noted, was at a time when the principles of racial equality and brotherhood were by no means so widely acknowledged as they are now."
There is normally no age bar at youth hostels. Exceptions are Switzerland and Bavaria. Where there is a maximum age of 25 and I7 years respectively. Generally, however, the hostels are intended to meet the needs of two main groups: senior secondary school children, university and schoolchildren travelling with a teacher on educational visits, and aged between about 11 and I8.
The principal contribution of the youth hostel movement to the attack on racism is the fact that in the 4,364 hostels throughout the world the brotherhood of man is taken for granted and practiced quietly and without any ostentation.
If you walk into the common-room of a big youth hostel in Gracow or Munich, Lahore of Canberra, you will find young people of' every race and nationality sitting down together to share their experiences and discuss the world's problems. As a Malaysian boy recently remarked:" youth hostel is a place where you will never feel lost"
In accordance with its constitution, the IYHF has never admitted to membership youth hostel associations in South Africa and Rhodesia, because legislation in those countries makes it impossible for people of different races to share youth hostel facilities.
But an interesting new project is under way in Lesotho, with the financial and technical support of the Federation: the construction of a south hostel specifically designed to carry out an educational task in southern Africa by opening its doors to young people of all races from neighboring and more distant countries. Situated just outside the capital, Maseru, the youth hostel will also provide accommodation for young people of Lesotho attending study and training courses.
The very, comprehensive statistics maintained by the IYHF show tile movement of young people form country, to country in some detail, it can be seen, for instance, that 10,828 "overnights" were recorded in 1972 by young Americans in tile hostels of Japan. and 3.643 by young visitors form India in the youth hostels of West Germany. Although these figures are small in absolute terms, they represent a network of individual human contacts among young people which can influence outlooks and opinions at the grass roots.
41. It can be interred from this passage that IYHF is
A) an organization where young people live
B) an organization that advocates brotherhood of man
C) an organization to protect the rights of teenagers
D) an international company
42. "Ostentation" in the last sentence of the third paragraph is closest in meaning with_______
A) pretentiousness B) outstanding
C) obstruction D) declaration
43. The maximum age of people staying at youth hostels in most countries is______
A) 20 B) 25 C) 17 D) unlimited
44. The tone of this article may be described is______
A) formal B) imaginative C) humorous D) negative
45. All the following statements are true EXCEPT ______
A) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are fined by IYHF.
B) Only very, few countries are members of the IYHE.
C) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are denied membership in the IYHF.
D) All countries are allowed normal memberships in the IYHF.
Passage 2
Before about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth, and created languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read, or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental architecture, and the formation of states and empires.
Historians usually begin the story, of civilization with accounts of the world's first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than about prehistoric about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones, and pottery.
With the ability to build cities and record thought came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beings—who had formerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later, from railroads to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live Longer, more comfortable lives.
Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century, it brought nuclear carfare global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. Unlike people of modem civilizations primitive people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They locked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th century, the American writer, philosopher, and naturalist Henry David Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from primitive virtue. "Most of the luxuries, he argued, "and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives.
Even those ancient pioneers of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost innocence. They expressed this sense of regret in the story, of Prometheus and Pandora. Contrary, to the wishes of other Gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire, art, and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy, such blessings without cost, and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow, and other evils.
Thus, human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests, and persecuted religious minorities. But civilizations have also achieved wonders.
46. Which of the following represents civilization of people?
A) They build houses. B) They have societies.
C) They live in a group. D) They can write.
47. "Sumerians" in the second paragraph refers to ______.
A) a person B) a group of people
C) human beings D) prehistoric people
48. In paragraph 4, there is a sentence given by Henry. Thoreau, "Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." This sentence means ______.
A) Most luxuries and comforts are important and can improve the quality, of people's life.
B) Most luxuries rind comforts are not so important for they cannot improve the quality of people's life.
C) Most luxuries and comforts are not so necessary and also they prevent the progress of human beings
D) Most luxuries and comforts are too important to improve the quality of people's life
49. All tile following represent the negative side of civilization EXCEPT ______
A) chemical warfare B) the decrease of fresh air
C) greenhouse effect D) the nuclear plant
50. In the paragraph that follows this passage, the writer is going to discuss ______
A) the importance of civilization
B) the difference between civilization and culture
C) the positive aspect of civilization
D) the Greeks
Passage 3
One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his early works depicted tile lives of two types of people. One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were men of simple character and primitive emotions, such as prizefighters and bullfighters. Hemingway wrote of their courageous and usually futile battles against circumstances. His earliest works include the collections of short stories Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), his first work; In Our time (1924),tales reflecting his experiences as a youth in the northern Michigan woods; Men without women(1927), a volume that included "The Killers," remarkable for its description of impending doom; and Winner Take Nothing (1933), stories characterizing people in unfortunate circumstances in Europe. The novel that established Hemingway's reputation. The Sun Also Rises (1926), is the story, of a group of morally irresponsible Americans and Britons living in France and Spain, members of the so-called lost generation of the post-world War I period. Hemingway's second important novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), is the story, of a deeply moving love affair in wartime Italy between an American officer in the Italian ambulance service and a British nurse. The novel was followed by two nonfiction works, Death in the Afternoon (1932), prose pieces mainly about bullfighting; and Green, gills of Africa (1935), accounts of big-game hunting.
Hemingway's economical writing style often seems simple and almost childlike, but his method is calculated and used to complex effect. In his writing Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his characters' emotions and thoughts directly. Instead, in providing the reader with the raw material of an experience and eliminating the authorial viewpoint. Hemingway made the reading of a text approximate the actual experience as closely as possible. Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity, in writing. He believed that a writer could treat a subject honestly only if the writer had participated in or observed the subject closely. Without such knowledge the writer's work would be flawed because the reader would sense the author's lack of expertise: In addition, Hemingway believed that an author writing about a familiar subject is able to write sparingly and eliminate a great deal of superfluous detail from the piece without sacrifleing the voice of authority. Hemingway's stylistic influence on American writers has been enormous. The success of his plain style in expressing basic. yet deeply felt, emotions contributed to the decline of the elaborate Victorian-era prose that characterized a great deal of American writing in the early 20th century. Many American writers have cited Hemingway as an influence on their own work.
51. The novel that brought Hemingway greatest fame________.
A) Three Stories and Ten Poems B) In Far Time
C) Men Without Women D) The Sun Also Rises
52 Which of the following can best describe Hemingway's writing style?
A) simple and precise B) bullfighting
C) superfluous D) complicated
53. According to this passage which of the following is the great contribution of Hemingway?
A) He introduced a new subject into literature.
B) His writing style influenced a group of American writers
C) He proved that one should write about details.
D) He said that writers should know what they are writing.
54. This passage is mainly, about Hemingway's ___________
A) life B) background
C) novels and writing style D) influence
55. The sentence. "Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity in writing".
"authenticity" is closest in meaning with
A) author's right B) credibility
C) authorization D) authorship
Section B
Directions: After you have read the following passage write out a summary in English with about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary, on the Answer Sheet.
It is said that the public and Congressional concern. about deceptive packaging uproar started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Lze. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.
The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity, delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags. and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound quantities of break fast foods, cake mixes, etc. A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles and tins are in use more same time and as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work. and net weights hat are used for improving a product's market position.
When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply tile price of hard sweets by 2.5,from I dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury. It evidently does come high. when an average family pays about 200 dollars a year for bottles, cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most of which can't be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.
注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。
Section C
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer these questions in English and then put them on the Answer Sheet.
If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival or the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-reined at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central - usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.
While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is tip and running at capacity and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with he equipment can be employed. Tine result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
注：请将答案用英文写在答题纸上。
56. What does the management of human resources in American companies think about employees skill training?
57. What is the position of the head of human-resource. management in an American firm?
58. money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.
59. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ______.
60. What is the main idea of the passage?
Part IV Writing (15%) (请将作文用英文写在答题纸上)
Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "Two Important Possible Changes. Which May Occur In Higher Education in China in the 2lst Century" with no less than 150 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese.
1.21世纪高等教育在社会发展中将起到更为重要的作用。
2.在21世纪高等教育将会发生许多变化（举两例说明）
3.你对这些变化的认识及看法。
中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题
客观题部分
请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！
II. Vocabulary (10 points)
PartA (5 points)
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices
marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the
sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across
the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Example:
She prefers foreign wine to that produced__
A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically
The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce
domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D.
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the
present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__
patriotism.
A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable
Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and
fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.
A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions
3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it
sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.
A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere
4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife
for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set
up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.
A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve
5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking
15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.
A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated
6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and
frustrated thousands of users around the world.
A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bacteria
7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of
competition in schools.
A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate
8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his
grandparents lived.
A. reconciled B. consolidated
C. deteriorated D. attributed
9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to
practice his Chinese.
A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be
distributed.
A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogin
Part B (5 points)
Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase
underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and
D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.
Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square
bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.
Example:
The secretary is Very competent; she can finish all these letters within one
.. ;.,ca, ODe
bour.
A. careful B. industrious C. clever D. capable
In this sentence, "competent" is closest -;n m e:zting to "capable". Therefore
you should choose D.
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [DD]
11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional
roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.
A. depict B. advocate D; criticize D. analyze
12,. They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their
family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.
A.confirm B. achieve C.match D exaggerate
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes.
A. imminent B. recyclable C. smelly D. poisonous
i4. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would
nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.
A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries
15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and
our own retirement security is ,chilling.
A. frightening B. promising C. freezing D. revealing
16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British
Crown.
A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort
17. Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous
researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different
beorefical and political positions.
A. trustworthy B. intelligent C. diligent D. meticulous
18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women
being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.
A. intriguing B. exasperating: C. demonstrative D. unprovoked
19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up
faces for .nocturnal raids in the forest.
A. illegal B. night-time C, brutal D. abusive
20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a
more avid fondness for the limelight,
A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugal
III. Cloze (10 points)
Directions : Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each
numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the
square bracket on Answer Sheet I.
Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea,
___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full- time passion. The
two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates
___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in
April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet.
Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too
long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on
Yahoo.
During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed
to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the
service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community. They developed
customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material
___32___ on the Intemet. The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "Yet
Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they selected
the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself first
___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was
___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, "Konishiki".
In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication
in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files
___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's
computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc. Today,
Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers
linked to the web.
1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend
2. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned
3. A. in B. on C. about D. fer
4. A. touch ?. contact C. n-ack D. record
5. A. founded E. found C. argued D. reported
6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable
7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted
8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate
9. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly
10. A. relative B. interactive C.bound D. contacted
11. A. fluently B. efficiently C.exactly D. actually
12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D.
13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed
I4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand
15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched
16. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked
17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath
18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden
19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal
20. A. attains B.detains C. maintains D. contains
IV. Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choices
marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark
the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the
ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break
babies.
One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young children
spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the
length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities
are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of
the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often
result. To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit
activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could
gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.
The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd
handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements
awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between lines on
a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper
with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the
borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters
within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them
refine their skills.
The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students
who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can
remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and
tell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several
airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for
not building airplanes.
Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their
physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might
decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has
begun.
The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and
misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The
media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and read
them while in the center. Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable,
the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books
rather than for talking with other students.
In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher
realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very
boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson,
such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs students
and raise their interest in the course.
41. The purpose of this passage is to___
A. inform B. persuade C. debate D. narrate
42. Guthrie identified three methods for__
A. educating students B. altering bad habits
C. avoiding undesired action D. forming good hobbies
43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold
method?
A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the
child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.
B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young
children and gradually increase session length but not to where students
become frustrated or bored.
C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is
introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.
D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his
parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.
44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands
busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over
time. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than
snac 'king. What method is used in this example?
A. The threshold method. B. The fatigue method.
C. The incompatible response method. D. The punishment method.
45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that
A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted
response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes
exhausted
B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a
response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be
performed simultaneously
C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde
into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes
a cue for not performing it
D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child
make response incompatible with unwanted response
Passage 2
The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot
afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.
Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign
countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many
companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing
wralts .
Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international
advertising.
General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it
introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latin for
new (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can
sound like "no va", meaning "it doesn't go". Few people wanted to buy a car
with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales
picked up" dramatically.
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.
3ne American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising
,egetables) became something quite different when it was translated into
Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre".
When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alive with
Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder customers
in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.
Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good
ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff
aarketers are to avoid blunders.
When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes,
geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to
capture their target market.
For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto
the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mail
reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in
many South American countries.
Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies
are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive
to cultural distinctions.
The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who
understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique
called "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders.
The process uses one person to translate a message into the target
language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture
the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication
of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes
misunderstandings.
In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot
and simple.
They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part
of the world may not be so humorous in another.
46. The best title of this passage might be __ .
A. Culture Is Very Important ia Advertishag
B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations
C. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries
D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles
47. What does the word "blunder" mean in this passage?
A. hesitation B. mistake C. stutter D. default
48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from
Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?
A. Cultural shocks B. Faulty translations
C. Avoid cultural oversights D. Prevent blunders
49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word "ca " most
probably mean____
A. an animal used in perfume for its smell
B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals
C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals
D. an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals
50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___
A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.
B.use the technique called "literal translation" to reduce the possibility of
blunders
C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes
D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries
Passage 3
It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in
pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive
remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires
are now commonplace.
Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a
number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the
boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man
with many enemies wi!! be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the
company he worries about . His business savvy is supposed to be based on
intimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so he goes home nightly
with a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives are
exceedingly dedicated.
The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him
through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured
individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the
symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading
may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.
Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful
socializing.
These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to "keep
the old heart in shape" and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol,
and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of
the running. But his doctor's admonition to "take it easy" falls on deaf eyes. He
likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.
Corporate head-hunting, carried on by "executive search fares," is a
growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and
aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly