【提供投稿须知】THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL[b] INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS [/b]
This document provides information for preparing and submitting manuscripts to all parts of the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ, ApJS, and ApJL).
Papers published in the Astrophysical Journal present the results of significant original research not previously published. Articles submitted to the Journal should meet this criterion and must not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Authors are advised to examine current issues of the Journal to familiarize themselves with Journal conventions and to note any changes in style before preparing a new paper for submission. In general, Journal style conforms to the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) and The Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.). Questions about Journal style should be directed to the manuscript editing office in Chicago (773-753-8021 or [email]apj@press.uchicago.edu[/email]).
1. PREPARATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT
1.1. General
Authors are strongly encouraged to prepare and submit their manuscripts electronically, using the most recent version of the AASTeX macro package. The Astrophysical Journal will also accept manuscripts in Word and WordPerfect.
These instructions will provide some suggestions regarding the use of AASTeX in preparing papers for the Astrophysical Journal, but for complete documentation authors should consult the AASTeX home page, [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AAS/AASTeX.[/url] The AASTeX macro package can be obtained at this address. Further assistance in preparing a manuscript with AASTeX can be obtained by e-mail from [email]aastex-help@aas.org[/email]. Additional information on preparing manuscripts in Word and WordPerfect can be found on the Astrophysical Journal home page, [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/msprep-aas.html.[/url]
Authors are encouraged to submit Encapsulated PostScript (".eps") or PostScript (".ps") files for figures in both electronic and nonelectronic papers. Authors should ensure that laser-printed originals of these figures are of high quality and suitable for scanning.
1.2. Style
Papers must be written in English. Authors who are unfamiliar with English should obtain help from colleagues proficient in that language. While a polished literary style is not demanded of scientific papers, they should conform to the elementary rules of grammar, syntax, punctuation, and clarity. Slang and jargon should be avoided.
Observance of the following guidelines will prevent some common errors:
All tables and figures must be mentioned explicitly by number and appear in correct numerical order in the body of the text. That is, Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 must each be mentioned in the text at least once, and the first mention of Table 3 should not precede the first mention of Table 2.
The reference list and text citations should agree and be accurate. All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and all references listed in the reference list must be cited in the text.
Acronyms and abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are used unless they are common throughout the discipline. Terms defined in the abstract should be defined independently in the main text.
Symbols for chemical elements are in normal type, not italics. The mass number precedes the symbol, e.g., 12C. Roman numeral designations for spectra of ions are given in small capitals and preceded by a space, e.g., H II.
Standard three-letter abbreviations are preferred for constellation names (e.g., Cep, UMa; for a full list, see [url]http://www.iau.org/IAU/Activities/nomenclature/const.html[/url]). Object names and acronyms are spelled out in full in titles.
Use standard abbreviations for SI units (e.g., m, km, mm) or natural units (e.g., AU, pc, cm). If English units such as inches or pounds per square inch are used, metric equivalents should follow in parentheses.
Expressions of rate, such as kilometers per second, ergs per meter, etc., are set as, e.g., km s-1, ergs m-1, not km/s, ergs/m. In tables, units should be specified in column or row heads, or explained in a footnote to the table, not given with each individual value in the table body (see sample table).
Right ascension and declination in text and equations are given in the form: 3h25m815, 90°26145.
Dates are written in the order: year, month, and day; e.g., 1996 January 1. In tables, use three-letter abbreviations for months, without a period. Universal time designations are written 22:37:4822:37:52.5 UT (for hours, minutes, seconds).
Avoid beginning sentences with a symbol, number, or lowercase letter.
The word "data" is plural and takes a plural verb.
Closing quotation marks follow periods and commas but precede colons and semicolons.
In series of three or more items, include a comma before the final item, e.g., "space, time, and matter."
ApJ follows American usage of "that" to introduce restrictive clauses, "which" for nonrestrictive, and observes generally conservative grammar conventions throughout.
1.3. Manuscript Components
The manuscript should consist of the following elements:
Title page
Abstract and subject headings
Text
Acknowledgments
Appendices (if any)
References
Figures with figure legends (if any)
Tables (if any)
The reference section should begin on a new page. In electronically submitted manuscripts, figures and figure legends may be placed together and figures and tables may be set in the body of the text, preprint style, but separate .eps files must also be provided for each figure. In paper manuscripts, tables, figures, and figure legends should be placed at the end of the manuscript.
1.4. Title Page
The following items should be included on the title page:
The title of the paper.
A short title (not more than 44 characters) to be used as the running header.
Name(s) of the author(s), with correct capitalization and diacritical marks. If first and middle names and/or initials are used consistently from paper to paper, all the works by an author will be listed together in the Index.
One complete postal address for each author, including zip or country code. A current e-mail address, if available, should be provided for the corresponding author. Affiliations can be listed either under authors' names or in footnotes.
Footnotes to the title and to the authors' names other than those described in item 4 above.
In AASTeX, the \footnote{text} command for footnotes to titles and the \altaffilmark{key number} and \altaffiltext{key number}{text} commands for footnotes to author names should be used. If an author has more than one affiliation, all key numbers should be placed within the same \altaffilmark, e.g., John Smith\altaffilmark{1,2}; Jane Jones\altaffilmark{2,4,5}. Each key number must point to a separate \altaffiltext command. For further AASTeX information see the AASTeX Author Guide.
1.5. Abstract
The abstract should concisely summarize the content and conclusions of the paper. The abstract should be a single paragraph of not more than 250 words, and should not contain reference citations.
1.6. Subject Headings
The subject headings (a maximum of six) should be listed after the abstract. The current list of subject headings is printed in the Annual Index to the Journal and is available online at [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/keywords.html.[/url]
Note that the \keywords{text} command for subject headings must be placed after the \end{abstract} command and not before it.
1.7. Section Headings
Sections should be numbered with Arabic numerals. Subsections (second-level headings) should be numbered 1.1., 1.2., 1.3., etc. Third- and fourth-level headings should be numbered, e.g., 1.2.1. and 1.2.1.1., respectively. First-level titles (§ 1) and Appendix titles should be in all capital letters; second-, third-, and fourth-level (§ 1.1, § 1.1.1., § 1.1.1.1.) titles should capitalize the first letter of each word, except for articles, conjunctions, and prepositions.
1.8. Footnotes
The Journal discourages extensive use of footnotes. Footnote use should be confined to providing URLs, affiliations, or other truly peripheral information, and should not be used for discussions of or expansions on the text.
Text footnotes should be numbered consecutively, starting with those on the title page.
Footnotes to tables should be designated by lowercase letters, in alphabetical order, starting with "a" in each table. (See sample table in § 1.12.) Each table should have its own complete set of footnotes, even if some or all of the footnotes are repeated in later tables.
1.9. Mathematics
Numbering.For convenience of citation of equations, authors are encouraged to number all displayed equations. Plain sequential numbering through the manuscript is preferred, with Appendix equations numbered as, e.g., (A79) or starting a new sequence with (A1).
Notation.Authors should ensure that mathematical notation is clear, distinct, and consistent throughout the manuscript. Care should be taken to distinguish between l (el) and 1 (one); O (capital oh), o (lowercase oh), and 0 (zero); (epsilon), (curly epsilon), and (the symbol for set membership); v (italic vee) and (Greek nu); k (italic kay) and (Greek kappa); and (Greek phi) and (the symbol for the empty set).
Multiplication.ApJ omits explicit multiplication signs (dots or crosses), except for scientific notation, grids, vector operators, and when a multiplication wraps to a following line of print.
Vectors.Vectors are normally distinguished by boldface italic type (e.g., B); arrows over symbols are not used to denote vectors. Vector operations and operators (e.g., , , ) are also set bold. Multidimensional vectors (n-vectors) are generally set lightface italic (not bold). Tensors may be set bold nonitalic if it is necessary to distinguish them from vectors. If you have certain mathematical conventions that you wish to be observed in the typesetting of your manuscript (such as distinct fonts to distinguish 3- and 4-vectors, tensors, vector components, etc.), please alert the copyeditor to these in a note or comment accompanying the manuscript.
Symbol fonts.If other fonts are needed to distinguish functions or other operators from italic (R), script (calligraphic) characters () are preferred; blackboard (), sans serif (R), and Franktur () should be avoided if possible, although they can be set if required. Named functions or numbers are preferably designated by two-letter abbreviations, e.g., Ra for Raleigh number.
Scientific notation.Values given in scientific notation should be expressed with a multiplication sign preceding the power of 10 (e.g., 3.4 × 10-18); in tables only, to conserve space, the form 3.4E-18 may be used.
Subscripts and superscripts.These will be set aligned unless an order of subscripts and superscripts is explicitly requested by the author in a note accompanying the manuscript. If a specific sequence of subscripts and superscripts is required, e.g., Rhijk or Rjkhi, authors should indicate the correct sequence by a comment in the electronic file or in the margin of a nonelectronic paper at the first occurrence.
ApJ conventionally sets single-letter subscripts and indexes in italic, but subscripts standing for proper names (E for Einstein), chemical elements (H), or 2 letter abbreviations of words (eff) in roman.
Fractions.Stacked fractions are not permitted in the body of the text or in superscripts (e.g., in-line and superscript fractions should be set as dt/ds, not ). Authors should take care that numerators and denominators of in-line fractions are delimited clearly to avoid any possible ambiguity (i.e., write /r or log , not log Tsq/r). In displayed equations, fractions are limited to two levels, i.e.,
Equation numbers.Equations should not be referred to by their numbers alone; e.g., say "substituting in equation (45)" rather than "substituting in (45)." When an equation is referred to within parentheses, "equation" is abbreviated to "eq."; thus "(see eq. [45])."
Punctuation.Equations are read as part of the flow of a sentence and are punctuated as such.
AASTeX.In AASTeX, for font changes in equations, the scope of the font change must be carefully delimited using braces. In particular, a single font-change command should not begin a formula unless its scope is delimited.
In a displayed equation that indicates a choice between alternatives, as, for example,
authors should use the \cases command. In particular, case constructions (as above) and multiline equations should not be set as matrices. See page 175 of The TeXbook, D. E. Knuth (1986), for more information.
When using the \over command, authors should carefully delimit, with braces, the numerator, the denominator, and the entire \over construction; for example, {{NUMERATOR}\over{DENOMINATOR}}. For further AASTeX information, see the AASTeX Author Guide.
1.10. Acknowledgments
At the end of the paper individuals, institutions, or funding agencies may be acknowledged. Authors may also acknowledge the referee if they wish. However, it is not appropriate to acknowledge the help of the Scientific Editor or other members of the Astrophysical Journal staff.
1.11. References
1.11.1. Citations in Text
References should be cited in text by the last name of the author(s) and the date of publication (Hale 1929). There is no comma before the date. For papers with two authors, join author names with an ampersand (Press & Rybicki 1992). Papers by three or more authors are cited by the first author followed by et al. and the date (Goodman et al. 2003).
References are given in parentheses unless the author's name is part of the sentence, e.g., "the -model (Smoot et al. 1992)" but "according to Smoot et al. (1992)." If a parenthetical citation cites two or more papers, separate them by a semicolon: (Vittorio & Turner 1987; Peebles 1993). If two or more papers by the same author(s) are cited together, the author(s) is listed just once, with the dates of the papers following, separated by commas: (Peebles 1982, 1993, 1995). To distinguish papers by the same author(s) published in the same year, append a, b, c, etc., to the date: e.g., Paczyski (1995a, 1995b).
Authors are encouraged to link citations with the references by using the \cite-\bibitem mechanism of LaTeX's thebibliography environment. For further AASTeX information see the AASTeX Author Guide.
1.11.2. Reference List
Format.All sources cited in the text and tables must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper, and all entries in the reference list must be cited in the text. Reference entries should be ordered alphabetically, starting with the last name of the first author, followed by the first author's initial(s), and so on for each additional author. For papers with more than eight authors, the last name and initials of the first author only should be listed, followed by a comma and et al. References listed as "et al." are grouped together and last, as if the second author started with "z"; they are not alphabetized by the name of the actual second author. Multiple entries for one author or one group of authors should be ordered chronologically, and multiple entries for the same year should be distinguished by appending sequential lowercase letters to the year, even if the author groups are not identical: e.g., Smith, E., Rowe, T., & Jones, A. B. 1999a; Smith, A. B., Thomas, J. R., & Peebles, P. J. E. 1999b; Smith et al. 1999c (because all will appear as "Smith et al. 1999" in the text).
Citation of electronic sources.Electronic catalogs, databases, observers guides, instrument documentation, electronic conference proceedings, electronic journals, and other stable (nonchanging) documents available online should be listed in the reference list in the same manner as other references. These should give the author(s) or authoring agency, title of the document, location and name of the hosting organization (e.g., Pasadena: JPL), version consulted if any, page or document number if any, and the URL (see examples below). References in this class include databases, manuals, conference proceedings, and similar documents, but not general informational sites for instruments or projects, sites for downloading computer code, or papers posted on personal Web pages. Citations of electronic journals should follow normal journal format, omitting page number if none are used, followed by the URL. See below for examples.
Give these URLs in footnotes.Note that URLs for all other electronic resources, such as personal Web pages, general informational sites for organizations, telescopes, surveys, projects, proposals, sites for uploading computer or mathematical code, and other sites whose content regularly changes, should be given in a footnote at first mention in the text, but not listed in the reference list.
In preparation, private communications, unpublished material.References to papers in preparation, preprints, or other sources generally not available to readers should be avoided if possible. If no published form is available, preprints may be listed in the reference list. Private communications, unpublished works, and papers in preparation should be cited only in the run of text, giving authors' initials and the year if completion is imminent, e.g., F. Carlon et al. (2004, in preparation).
DOIs.Digital object identifiers (DOI) may be included in the reference list if the author wishes; these are given at the end of the reference, after a comma and "DOI:". If a URL is also given, the DOI follows the URL. Note that explicit listing of DOIs is not necessary to generate article links via Crossref.
Form for reference entries.Examples are given here of some of the most common citation formats. Note that ApJ Letters articles are distinguished by an "L" before the page number: Smith, A. B. 1999, ApJ, L21. Letters articles submitted or in press (i.e., where no page number is available) use the journal designation ApJL (Smith, A. B. 1999, ApJL, 513, in press).
Authors should use LaTeX's thebibliography environment to mark up the reference list. The natbib package is also acceptable, but only when used with AASTeX version 5.0.
Examples of correct styles for some common reference forms are given below.
Journal article
Martín, E. L., Rebolo, R., & Zapatero Osorio, M. R. 1996, ApJ, 469, 706
Author, Author, & Author. Year, Journal abbreviated title, Volume number, First page of article
Book
Donat, W., III, & Boksenberg, A. J. 1993, The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1994, Vol. 2 (2nd ed.; Washington, DC: GPO)
Author, & Author. Year, Title, Volume if a multivolume work (Edition or series, if any; City of publication: Publisher)
Where specific pages of a book are cited, these should be given at the text citation, not in the reference list.
Article or chapter in an edited collection
Huchra, J. P. 1986, in Inner Space/Outer Space, ed. E. W. Kolb et al. (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press), 65
Author(s). Year, in Collection Title, ed. Editors (City of publication: Publisher), first page of article
Conference proceedings
Salpeter, E. E., & Wasserman, I. M. 1993, in ASP Conf. Ser. 36, Planets around Pulsars, ed. J. A. Phillips, S. E. Thorsett, & S. R. Kulkarni (San Francisco: ASP), 345
Author(s). Year, in Conference series title [ASP Conf. Ser., AIP Conf. Proc., IAU Colloq., IAU Symp., etc.] and number, Volume title, ed. Editors (City of publication: Publisher), first page of article, URL if any
Electronic conference proceedings (published only online)
Gomez, M. 2000, in Cosmology 2000, ed. M.C. Bento, O. Bertolami, & L. Teodoro (Lisbon: Inst. Superio Tecnico), 57, [url]http://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~bento/cosmo2000/proc/proceedings.html[/url]
Author(s). Year, in Conference series title and number (if any), Volume title, ed. Editors (if any given) (Place: Site Host), first page of article (if paginaged) or article number, URL
Star catalogs
Hoffleit, D. 1982, The Bright Star Catalogue (New Haven: Yale Univ. Obs.)
Author(s). Year, Catalog title (City of publication: Publisher), URL (if any)
Electronic newsletter (published only online)
Hermoso, D. 1996, ESA IUE Electron. Newsl. 46, [url]http://www.vilspa.esa.es/iue/nl/newsl_46.html.[/url]
Bersier, D., et al. 2004, GCN Circ. 2544, [url]http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3/2544.gcn3[/url]
Instrument documentation
Gussenhoven, M. S., Mullen, E. G., & Sagalyn, R. C. 1985, CRRES/SPACERAD Instrument Description, Document AFGL-TR-85-0017 (Hanscom: Air Force Geophys. Lab.)
Spitzer Science Center. 2004, Spitzer Observers' Manual (Pasadena: SSC), [url]http://sirtf.caltech.edu/SSC/obs/[/url]
Author(s) [or Issuing Agency]. Year, Title, Document number (Place: Issuing agency), URL (if any)
Preprints
Smith, A. B. 1999, preprint (astro-ph/9812345)
Lockwood, G. W., & Skiff, B. A. 1988, Air Force Geophys. Lab. preprint (AFGL-TR-88-0221)
Author(s). Year, [series name if unusual] preprint (number)
References to preprints are acceptable only for papers not yet in print. For papers that have been accepted but are not yet in print, the preprint number may be given at the end of a reference submitted or in press [i.e., Smith, A. B. 1999, ApJ, in press (astro-ph/9912345)].
Papers submitted or in press
Wolk, S. J., & Walter, F. M. 1999, ApJ, submitted
Wolk, S. J., & Walter, F. M. 1999, ApJ, in press
Papers submitted but not yet accepted for publication should be listed with the journal and "submitted." Papers accepted for publication should be listed as "in press."
For journal articles, list the short title of the periodical. IAU abbreviations should be used. The following are some acronyms used for frequently cited journals:
A&A Astronomy and Astrophysics
A&AS Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series
AJ Astronomical Journal
ApJ Astrophysical Journal
ApJS Astrophysical Journal Supplement
Ap&SS Astrophysics and Space Science
ARA&A Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
AZh Astronomicheskij Zhurnal
BAAS Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
(AAS Meetings)
MNRAS Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
PASJ Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
PASP Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
QJRAS Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
RevMexAA Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica
Authors will be queried for missing, incomplete, or incorrect information in the reference list. It is especially important that authors recheck reference lists after each revision of the text, to be certain that all references cited in the text are in the reference list, and all references given in the reference list are cited.
1.12. Tables
Electronic extended tables.For very lengthy tables, authors have the option of publishing a truncated version of the table in the print version of the Journal, with the entire table appearing in the electronic edition. Such tables are charged at the single-page rate, regardless of total length. See below for more information regarding extended and machine-readable tables.
Numbering.Tables should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals and should be cited in the text by number, e.g., "see Table 1." Each table must be mentioned at least once in the text, and in proper numerical order, e.g., the first reference to Table 3 should not occur before the first reference to Table 2. In the printed article, the placement of tables will be determined by their first mention in the text. Tables should not be divided into parts, e.g., related tables should be numbered separately, not given as Tables 3A and 3B. Tables in an appendix may be numbered in the same sequence as the text tables or may begin a new sequence, e.g., Table 9 or Table A1.
Format.Every table should have a concise title (less than a sentence); more extensive descriptions or secondary information should be incorporated in a note to the table. All tables are typeset with horizontal rules only; no vertical rules are used. Tables should not contain empty rows. Each column, including the first, must have a heading. Column headings should label the entries concisely (one or two words); the first letter of each word is capitalized. Units of measurement should be given in parentheses immediately below the column headings, not listed with the data in the body of the table. To indicate the omission of an entry, ellipsis dots (...) are used.
References column.References cited in a table should be numbered, either in the order in which they are listed in the column or following an alphabetical ordering of the references; the table column should list the number, with the full citation by name(s) and year in a note below the table. Alphanumeric abbreviations (e.g., SR86) may be used in place of numbers if these are used elsewhere in the text. Note to the table should then read, e.g., "References.(1) Smith & Roe 1986; (2) Peebles 1993." (see example in Table 1 below). All references cited in tables must also have a complete entry in the reference list.
Table 1 ORFEUS-I Program Stars
1.12.1. Machine-readable Tables
ApJ Letters Authors: Letters papers have a limit of one machine-readable table; there is no limit for Part 1 and Supplement.
In addition to the option of displaying only a truncated version of a table supplied in complete ASCII form online, authors also have the option of posting standard format, machine-readable versions of long tables. This new format supplements and will appear in addition to the ASCII tables; a note will appear with the print edition of the table alerting the reader that a machine-readable form can be accessed online. The ASCII tables contain the raw, tab delimited data, whereas the machine readable tables are formatted and include a metadata header that documents the format, units, and a short description of each column.
If authors desire machine readable tables in their paper they should request this processing at the time of submission and include the data in the submission so that it can be evaluated during the referee process. The data should be either raw ASCII (formatted or delimited) or in the form of a LaTeX table. Word/Word Perfect users should save the table as a tab-delimited ASCII file. It is desirable to include information regarding the format, units, and a short description of each column when an ASCII table is submitted. Authors may also attempt to create their own machine-readable tables using a Web-based converter. When submitting, authors should name the ASCII tables tab#.txt, where # is the table number.
For each machine-readable table the author must consider how its corresponding version will appear in print. In the majority of cases, a short "stub" version of the table is printed. The stub table is the same as the full table except that only the first 5 to 15 lines of data are printed, as a guide to the reader as to the content of the table. The author is responsible for creating the stub version of the table, and it should be included in the manuscript.
Any stub table should be cited and numbered as if it were a fully printed table.
In the rare cases in which the tabular data are so complex that a printed example is not possible, authors have the option to show an empty table in the print edition. The empty table contains only the table number, title, and a note directing the reader to the electronic edition for the full data.
Machine-readable tables created in Tucson will be sent to the paper's corresponding author to be "proofed." Since this is the only opportunity that an author will have to verify the accuracy of the machine-readable tables before posting in the electronic edition, authors should carefully check the tables, in particular the metadata headers. For any additional questions, authors are urged to contact the AAS Journal's staff scientist, Dr. Greg Schwarz.
1.12.2. AASTeX for Tables
Tables must be marked up using either the AASTeX deluxetable environment or the standard table and tabular environments. Use of deluxetable is preferred. If the author uses the table environment, there should be only one tabular table per table environment.
For footnotes in tables, authors should use the \tablenotemark{key letter} and \tablenotetext{key letter}{text} commands rather than superscript letters. For a general note to a table, the \tablecomments{text} command should be used. For a list of references to the table, the \tablerefs{text} command should be used. When using the table/tabular mechanism, the \tablenotetext{key letter}{text}, \tablecomments{text}, and \tablerefs{text} must be placed after the \end{tabular} command but before the \end{table} command. When using the deluxetable environment, these commands must be placed after the \enddata command and before the \end{deluxetable} command.
The deluxetable environment automatically places the appropriate rules at the top and bottom of the table. Authors who use the table/tabular mechanism should use the \tableline command for horizontal lines spanning the entire table rather than \hline or \cline. Two \tableline commands should be placed before the column heads, one \tableline command after the column heads, and one \tableline command after the last line of data. Tables should have no vertical rules.
For further AASTeX information, see the AASTeX Author Guide. Corresponding instructions for Word and WordPerfect can be found at [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/msprep-tables.html.[/url]
1.13. Figure Legends
Figure legends should clearly and concisely label and explain figures and parts of figures. The first sentence of each figure legend should be a descriptive phrase, omitting the initial article (the, a, an). In multipart figures, the legends should distinguish (a), (b), (c), etc., components of the figure. Note that if parts are identified in the legend as (a), (b), (c), particularly for single figures composed of multiple panels, these letters should be clearly labeled in the figure itself. Otherwise panels should be referred to by position (top right, top left, middle, bottom, etc.). All lines (solid, dashed, dot-dashed, dash-dotted, etc.) and symbols (filled or open circles, squares, triangles, crosses, arrows, etc.) should be explained in the legend. Graphics or glyphs should not be used in figure legends.
In AASTeX, figure legends should be marked up using the \figcaption{text} command or the LaTeX figure environment. There should be only one \figcaption or figure environment for each legend in the paper (e.g., do not enter Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b as separate \figcaption or figure environments).
Figure legends should not be marked up using the enumerate environment, the \noindent command, or in any markup other than the two listed above. Remember that LaTeX will number figures automatically, so there is no need to key the figure number.
For instructions on combining captions and figures, see the AASTeX Author Guide.
1.14. Other Electronic Materials (mpegs, Source Code)
ApJ Letters Authors: Source codes are not allowed in Letters papers; but Letters may contain mpeg animnations.
The ApJ supports the inclusion of a variety of supplemental electronic materials to accompany articles. Note that supplemental materials are subject to the same peer-review standards as the articles as a whole, and their inclusion should be justified on scientific grounds. Papers should also stand on their own scientifically without the supplemental materials.
mpeg animations.Online mpeg animations can be included as or to accompany figures in electronic articles. This can be especially useful for papers that present the results of numerical simulations or calculations. The animation file should be numbered as a figure in the normal run of figures. The author should also provide a clean, separate copy of a single still frame or set of frames to appear as the figure in the paper edition.
Source codes.Authors may elect to post any of their source code pertinent to their paper. The code can be written in any language, but extremely long and complex programs with numerous subroutines are not appropriate. Executable files are not acceptable.
Authors wishing to submit source codes as a part of their paper need to be aware of the following:
Codes often change, but the published materials in the journal do not. Authors cannot update their code or fix bugs for codes published in the electronic edition. However, authors may include a URL in the paper to link to updated versions of the code.
Source codes that use copyrighted material cannot be posted with the copyrighted material included (e.g., a code that uses Numerical Recipes subroutines of Press et al.). In these cases, the author must exclude any copyrighted material and include a statement explaining where and how the missing material can be obtained and implemented into the code.
Authors must sign a fair-use agreement along with the usual copyright release form. The fair-use agreement puts the copyright of the software in the author's name, via a GNU public license, to make it freely available while protecting the author's rights.
Tar files.In cases where the source code contains numerous subroutines files, all of the files can be packaged together and submitted as a UNIX tar file. The metadata header should then be included in the packaged file as a separate file called README. All source code submissions should be called sourcecode.txt for a single program or sourcecode.tar for a tar file containing a series of files.
See [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/information.html[/url] for more information about the cost of mpegs and codes, and instructions for formatting source code material for the ApJ, including required metadata.
1.15. Manuscripts Not Submitted in Electronic Form
ApJ Letters Authors: ApJ Letters does not accept paper manuscripts.
For manuscripts submitted in nonelectronic form, the Journal requires that authors submit two copies of the manuscript and two sets of original illustrations. The manuscript should be prepared with double line spacing throughout, on one side of the page only, on noncorrasable, uncoated 8 × 11 inch (22 × 28 cm) or A4 paper, with margins of 1 inches or 4 cm at the sides, top, and end of each page.
Clear copy of both text and figures should be submitted for editing and typesetting. Special typefaces, such as italic, should be reserved for special characters and not used for the main body of the text. Italics should be indicated by underlining if an italic font is not available. If printer's errors result from unclear manuscript pages, costs for corrections will be charged to the author.
Figure legends should be double-spaced; left margins should measure at least 1 inches.
2. ARTWORK
The production office will use author-supplied electronic art files whenever possible, and authors are encouraged to submit all figures electronically as PostScript (PS) or Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) files. Electronic figures reproduce at a higher quality than paper figures, which are scanned. Spelling and use of numbers and units in figures should conform to usage in the body of the text and figure legends.
A readme file detailing any special requests for sizing or arranging figures should accompany submission of the manuscript. The production office in Chicago will do its best to accommodate these requests. Alterations requested after the paper is typeset will result in additional charges to the author. Questions regarding artwork may be directed to the production office in Chicago ([email]apj@press.uchicago.edu[/email] or 773-753-3373).
2.1. Instructions for Submitting Electronic Art Files
Figure files should be in PostScript (PS) or Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) format. It is important to remember that PS files are not device independent. The EPS format is intended to be device independent and is, therefore, preferable. EPS files saved by a commercial-quality graphic program (such as Adobe Photoshop or Illustrator) are generally the most reliable. Authors should avoid using applications that cannot save directly in PS or EPS format. Although it is possible to create PS files via the Print options of many Macintosh and Windows programs, such files are often not device-independent and cannot be embedded in typeset pages.
The Press prepares author-supplied electronic art files for several different typesetting and imposition systems. It is possible that a figure file that displays on the author's monitor and prints from the author's printer without any apparent problem may still have coding that prevents it from being embedded in electronically typeset pages. The production office will endeavor to work with electronic figure files and authors to diagnose and resolve problems and produce usable files at an early stage in the publication process.
Some general guidelines for preparing electronic figure files:
1. Figure files should be printable on a standard 8.5 × 11 inch sheet of paper.
2. Each figure should be in a separate file (avoid multipage PS files).
3. Avoid formatting several PS or EPS files into one file. If a figure is actually a composite of several separate images, submit each image as a separate file and provide the production office with instructions on how to arrange the images. The graphics processing software and typesetting software have difficulty distinguishing multiple bounding boxes within a single file.
4. Common fonts, such as Times, Helvetica, or Symbol, should be used in figures. Use of other fonts not supported by the typesetting system may cause fonts to change or drop out.
5. When using SM (or any varieties of the Mongo program), a small bold font should be used for axis labels, lettering, etc., rather than the default "outline" font. The lines that make up the outline font are very thin and may drop out during the publication process.
6. Before saving a file, all fonts should be converted to outlines or paths, if the program has such a feature (as in Illustrator, Canvas, or Freehand). Otherwise, fonts should be included in the PS file (this is usually an option of the Save command).
7. There should be consistency of appearance between the size of symbols and the size of type within a figure, and between the weight of the lines and the weight of type within the figures.
8. The type size for subscripts and superscripts should be proportional to the size of type used in the rest of the figure.
9. Because of the size of the Journal, most art is reduced to fit a one-column format, often resulting in at least a 50% reduction in the size of submitted artwork. It is therefore particularly important to create figures with lines that are heavy enough to withstand substantial reduction. In general, lines should be no thinner than 0.5 point. Hairline rules or the thinnest line settings of any graphics program should be avoided.
10. Dotted or dashed lines should be thick enough and varied enough to withstand considerable reduction.
11. Page numbers, figure numbers, file information, etc., should not be included in figure files.
12. If figures are part of a lettered, multipart figure, place the letters within the box around the figure, not outside of it. If the letters cannot be placed within the box, lettered tags can be typeset.
13. The only text that should appear above the box around a figure is an axis label. Any other information should appear within the box or in the caption.
14. Authors should not use color in files that are intended for black and white reproduction.
We recommend the use of gray levels between 20% and 70%, with at least 20% difference between the levels of gray, when preparing gray-scale figures. A screen of 80 lpi or lower (coarser) should be used, and figures should be rendered as close to final publication size as possible, since reduction can cause levels of gray to drop out. Shaded areas that are extremely dark or light may not reproduce well, and should be avoided if possible.
Since PS files are converted to EPS files for import to ApJ's typesetting system, the following operators, which cannot be used in EPS, should not be used in PS files:
banddevice framedevice renderbands
clear grestoreall setglobal
cleardictstack initclip setpagedevice
copypage initgraphics* setshared
erasepage initmatrix* startjob
exitserver quit
*These operators are used frequently in the PS files we receive.
2.2. Online-only Color and Supplementary Figures
ApJ Letters Authors: Supplemental online-only figures are not allowed in Letters papers; but any figures in Letters may be online-only color.
Color online-only.Authors have the option of having figures appear in black and white in print and in color in the electronic journal, which does not incur the charge of processing and printing the color figure. If they wish to take advantage of this option, authors should submit a black and white PS or EPS file of the figure for the print edition and a color EPS file to appear in the electronic Journal.
Supplemental electronic figures.Online-only figures are intended to provide supplementary information that is not critical to the scientific content of the article but that provides additional useful information for the reader. They are not allowed when the figures are an integral part of the paper, or simply to limit page charges. Such materials will carry a nominal publication charge depending on the number and size of the figure files, but again this will be a small fraction of the cost of printing the same volume of material. Note that supplemental materials are subject to the same peer-review standards as the articles as a whole, and their inclusion should be justified on scientific grounds.
Numbering.Online-only figures must be numbered according to standard figure numbering rules, and must be numbered in sequence with the rest of the figures appearing in the paper. Note that each set of extended figures should be treated as lettered "parts" of a single figure (e.g., Figs. 1a-1zz, with Figs. 1c1zz appearing only online) rather than as a run of individually numbered figures. At least one figure in a series must be displayed as an example figure for the printed edition. The example figure caption should include the note: "Figures 1x1y are available in the electronic edition of the Journal. The printed edition contains only a sample." Authors should clearly indicate in their README file when submitting which figures are to only appear in the electronic edition. If each component of an online-only figure has its own figure caption, the captions should be included in a separate LaTeX file called efigscaptions.tex.
Finally, note that while we welcome the submission of substantial astronomical data sets for publication in the ApJ Supplement Series, enormous compendia of uninterpreted data are best archived in an astronomical data center.
2.3. Instructions for Color Graphics
Reproduction of color illustrations carries an extra charge. See the latest page charge rates for current color charges ([url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/pcharges.html[/url]). As noted above, authors have the option of printing black and white figures that appear in color in the electronic edition of the Journal.
Electronic PS or EPS files intended for reproduction as four-color figures should be prepared as channelled CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) files rather than RGB (red, green, blue) files. Most computer-generated figure files are created using the RGB color model, which is used for devices, such as computer monitors, that create color with light. The CMYK system uses the four process colors used in printing and is therefore the necessary format for figure files to be used for printing. Color figures prepared as RGB EPS files can be converted to CMYK, but because the available color gamut in the RGB model is much larger than the gamut available in the CMYK model, it is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to match the colors exactly between the two formats. The production office can offer no guarantee as to the quality of color in files that must be converted from RGB to CMYK. It should also be noted that hard copies produced from RGB files by desktop color printers can still contain colors outside of the range of the CMYK palette. Desktop printers may use dyes or wax transfers that create colors that cannot be duplicated by the available CMYK color palette. Color figure files intended for use only in the electronic edition may be submitted as RGB files.
Optimum resolution for CMYK files is 300 dpi. A color proof will be sent to the author for approval.
2.4. Instructions for Preparing Paper Figures
If PS or EPS files for figures are unavailable, the author should submit laser-printed originals of figures for scanning. Figures should be of high quality to ensure accuracy and clarity in the final published version. Artwork should be in good focus, with clean clear numbers and letters and sharp black lines. Thin lines, particularly in figures requiring considerable reduction, should be avoided. Original, professionally drafted artwork may be submitted for reproduction, but freehand-drawn or hand-lettered artwork cannot be accepted for publication. Style points noted in § 2.1 regarding electronically supplied figures apply to paper figures as well.
Halftones supplied as hard copies should be continuous-tone prints, made from original negatives, and printed on a matte coated stock. When photographs include large irrelevant areas, please indicate cropping lines on an overlay.
3. SPECIAL NOTES ON AASTeX
When preparing a manuscript for electronic submission to the Astrophysical Journal, authors must follow both the general instructions for AASTeX markup given in "The AASTeX Package for Manuscript Preparation" and the specific instructions given in this section. Below are guidelines for two aspects of AASTeX that frequently cause problems in the printing process. For further and more complete information on AASTeX, see the general instructions available at [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AAS/AASTeX.[/url]
3.1. New Commands (Preamble)
Authors may define new commands using \newcommand. (Do not use the plain TeX \def command.) All author-defined macros should be placed in the document preamble, i.e., before the \begin{document}. Since electronic manuscripts are translated into SGML during the production process, it is important to follow certain guidelines when preparing macros. In general, author-defined commands that are abbreviations or shorthands are acceptable, while commands that attempt to define new symbols are not. In particular, do not use any of the following commands in writing macros:
\hskip, \vskip,
\raise, \raisebox,
\lower, \rlap
\kern, \lineskip,
\char, \mathchar,
\mathcode, \buildref,
\mathrel, \baselineskip.
3.2. Special Symbols
Authors are encouraged to use AASTeX macros for special symbols. Extra symbols are defined for AASTeX, some specifically for an astronomical context, and others more broadly for math and physics. In particular, the AMS has additional symbol fonts that are available in a standard LaTeX package (amssymb).
Authors are advised to consult the symbol tables in the AASTeX manual to see whether a symbol already exists. If it does, the corresponding markup command should be used; these commands are reserved. Authors should not redefine existing command names, since when one of these commands is encountered in an electronic manuscript, the redefinition is ignored when the manuscript is translated.
Authors who need symbols not available in AASTeX should use the symbols available in the AMS fonts collection. Even if the AMS fonts are not installed locally, the macros can be used. The local copy of the manuscript will not contain the fonts, but the copies at the editorial and production offices will be correct.
A complete collection of sample symbol tables, including all of the AASTeX macros as well as some of the AMS fonts that are more interesting for astronomical purposes, can be found in the Symbol Fonts section of the AASTeX Author Guide.
4. EDITED MANUSCRIPTS AND PROOFS
4.1. Manuscripts
Manuscripts are marked for typesetting and edited for grammar, syntax, spelling, punctuation, and conformity to Journal style. Authors of electronic manuscripts will not have hand-marked copyedited manuscripts returned for their inspection. Instead, if problems or ambiguities are found in the paper, the manuscript editor will contact the author by e-mail or place queries on the page proofs. Replies to these queries should be either made by e-mail or marked legibly on the proofs. If changes or corrections are substantial, the revised portions should be retyped and returned with the proofs.
Revisions that affect the scientific content or results of the paper require the permission of the Editor-in-Chief.
For a more detailed explanation of the production process, see the overview at [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/design/guide/rckguide.html.[/url]
4.2. Proofs
Page proofs are made available to authors via PDF; when proofs are ready, authors are notified by e-mail containing a link and password to a Web page where these can be accessed.
Queries from the editor appearing on the proofs (these are listed on the final page, and correspond to query numbers in the margin) should be answered clearly and unambiguously, and all corrections and added material should be clear and legible. If answering by e-mail, please refer to changes by page, column, and line number of the typeset proof; do not refer to page numbers of the redlined copy. If changes involve math or other symbols, it will facilitate the proof process if you include a PDF or other graphical representation of the corrected equation as well as the TeX.
If an author wishes to append a note in proof, this will be appended to the text as a "Note Added in Proof" at the end of the paper, following the reference list.
Note that only corrections to typesetting errors and answers to editors' queries on the proofs can be made without charge.
Proofs correctiions should be returned as soon as possible. Corrections may be sent in via e-mail (if they are few), fax, or returned marked PDF to the e-mail address/fax number listed in the cover letter sent with the proofs. If an author is traveling, the production office should be informed of any alternate e-mail address at shich to contact the author during the production phase of the paper. If proof corrections are received after an issue has closed, the paper will be rescheduled to a later issue.
Authors of Letters should send their corrections by e-mail to the address listed in the cover letter on the proofs or by fax (773-753-0827) upon receiving their page proofs. Authors should note that Letters articles are published electronically as soon as proof corrections are received, so authors should take care that corrections are complete when sent.
4.3. Redlined Proofs
In addition to the PDF proof of the final typeset paper, authors will also have access to a PDF of the marked-up "redlined" version of the copyedited manuscript. This document shows all copyediting changes that have been made to the manuscript (with the exceptions of some trivial style changes, such as capitalization of "Figure" and "Table," or adding punctuation to equations, to avoid complete clutter in the marked-up copy), with additions underlined in blue and deletions struck through in red. The redlined manuscript is provided as additional, optional information for authors who would like to check the editing of their paper in detail. All significant changes are queried in the proofs, and for routine papers, inspection of the redlined manuscript should not be necessary.
Please note that all proof changes should be marked on or refer to the typeset PDF, not the redlined copy. Queries do not appear in the redlined manuscript; consult the typeset proof.
We are implementing this electronic version of redlined manuscripts for the first time, and we welcome your comments on their usefulness.
5. SUBMITTING THE MANUSCRIPT
5.1. Part 1 and Supplements
When submitting a manuscript electronically to the Astrophysical Journal or the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, authors should follow the instructions found at [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/Einstruct.html.[/url]
For paper submissions, two copies of the manuscript and two sets of original illustrations should be sent to
Dr. Robert C. Kennicutt, Jr., Editor-in-Chief
The Astrophysical Journal
Steward Observatory
933 North Cherry Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85721-0065
Telephone: 520-621-5145
Fax: 520-621-5153
e-mail: [email]apj@as.arizona.edu[/email]
5.2. Part 2 (Letters)
When submitting a manuscript electronically to the Astrophysical Journal Letters, authors should follow the instructions found at [url]http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/Einstruct.html.[/url]
For paper submissions, two copies of the manuscript and two sets of original illustrations should be sent to
Dr. Chris Sneden, Editor-in-Chief
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Department of Astronomy
University of Texas at Austin
1 University Station, C1400
Austin, TX 78712-1400
Telephone: 512-471-1008
Fax: 512-471-1237
e-mail: [email]apjletters@letters.as.utexas.edu[/email] 请参考以前的帖子
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