Feedback loops for hypoxia responses of tumour cells.
Hypoxia occurs because of a rapid increase in tumour mass that outpaces angiogenesis. Hypoxia induces hypoxia-inducible-factor 1 (HIF1), which upregulates various genes, including those that encode vascular–endothelial growth factor (VEGF)116-118, CXCR4 (Ref. 119), MET120, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and the urokinase-type plasminogen-activator receptor (uPAR). At the same time, progression through the cell cycle is inhibited by HIF1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. VEGF upregulation promotes angiogenesis, so that hypoxia of tumour cells can be resolved by vascularization. Simultaneously, chemokine receptors such as CXCR4 and MET are upregulated, so that tumour cells can respond to chemokines in the environment. MMP2 and uPAR are upregulated, leading to degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), so that tumour cells can migrate away from the hypoxic region and metastasize120, 121. When hypoxia is resolved in this way, cell-cycle arrest is released and further proliferation is initiated. Multiple feedback loops ensure robust responses of tumour cells to hypoxia. In response to nutrient deprivation, tumour cells can also switch metabolic pathways from an oxygen-dependent tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to glycolysis — both of which result in ATP production122. Mechanisms that maintain tissue integrity despite changes in oxygenation are hijacked by tumours to ensure tumour progression and survival. Correcting this hijacked mechanism has been proposed as a means of anticancer therapy48, 123-126, and this might be effective if potential heterogeneous feedback can be fully controlled. HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; SDF1, stromal-derived factor 1.
乏氧是肿瘤生长的特性与治疗的障碍之一,而厌氧生物却以乏氧环境为生存条件,利用肿瘤与厌氧生物的这种特性可能有益于肿瘤治疗,实
际上上世纪40年代就有学者提出这种构想,目前在这方面已经进行了多种的尝试。
主要进展:
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